Evolution Review

Question 1

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evolution

Answer 1

Genetic change in a population or species over generations; all the changes that transform life on Earth; the heritable changes that have produced Earth’s diversity of organisms.

Question 2

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natural selection

Answer 2

differential success in reproduction by different phenotypes resulting from interactions with the enviornement. Evoltuion occurs when natural selection produces changes in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population’s gene pool.

Question 3

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population

Answer 3

a group of interacting individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area.

Question 4

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Gene pool

Answer 4

all the genes in a population at any one generation

Question 5

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Microevolution

Answer 5

a change in a population’s gene pool over a succession of generations; evolutionary changes in species over relatively brief periods of geologic time.

Question 6

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macro-evolution

Answer 6

evolutionary change on a grand scale, encompassing the origin of new taxonomic groups, evolutionary trends, adaptive radiation, mass extinction

Question 7

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adaptation

Answer 7

an inherited characteristics that enhances an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular enviornment

Question 8

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Cladogram

Answer 8

an evolutionary tree that branches repeatedly, suggesting a classification of oranganisms based on time sequence in which evolutionary branches arise.

Question 9

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variation

Answer 9

the evolution of new species

Question 10

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Inference #1

Answer 10

Production of more individuals than the enviornment can support leads to a stuggle for existence among individuals of a population, with only a fraction of offspring survivng each generation

Question 11

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inference #2

Answer 11

survival in the struggle for existence is not random, but depends in part on the hereditary make up of the surviving individuals. Those individuals whose inherited characteristics fit them best to their enviornment are likely to leave more offspring than less fit individuals. = Survival (and reprodctive success of the fittest)

Question 12

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inference #3

Answer 12

this unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to a gradual change in a population, with favorable characteristics accumulating over the generations

Question 13

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One method for variation to occur in population

Answer 13

crossing over

Question 14

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2nd way for variation

Answer 14

random fertilization

Question 15

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3rd way for variation to occur

Answer 15

varying assortment of chromosomes on equator in Meiosis I.

Question 16

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4th way for variation

Answer 16

Random mutations

Question 17

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what is the fossil record

Answer 17

fossils are preserved remnants left by organisms that lived in the past. they are found in sedimentary rocks.

the fossil record is the chronological evolution over millions of years of geological time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata.

Question 18

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what do fossils show

Answer 18

they show the structures of animals in the past and how long ago they lived. their structure shows evidence of evolution that one animal evolved from another. they show us vestigial structures. changes over time and transitional forms (nostril movement). analogous structures.

Question 19

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BiogeogrPHY

Answer 19

study of geographic distribution of species is called biogeography. first thing that helped darwin that organisms came from a common ancestor.

When Darwin went to galagapos islands, he saw that the animals resembled the animals on the mainland more than the nearby islands.

life placement on Earth. finding fossils on mountain tops, asteroids, meteors struck earh an one point in early stages to bring macromolecules.

Question 20

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Comparative anatomy

Answer 20

the comparasion of body structures between different species is called comparative anatomy. same types of bones in the limbs of different maammals, they have varying funcions. They have one common ancestor, such similarity is called homology.

anatomy confirms that evolution is a remodeling process. Ancestral structures that orignally functioned in one capacity became modifies as they take on new functions.

whale at one point had legs. same bone arrangement in fish and hands. Whales swim up and down, and so do other land animals. the same thing in walking in lemurs and whales

Question 21

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the tetrapod.

Answer 21

the tetrapod is a four legged creature that developed legs in the water and then came out of land. This contradicts the previous view that fish came out of the water.

Question 22

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what is comparative embroyology

Answer 22

the comparasion of structures that appear druing the development of different organism before birth.

closely related organisms have similar stages in embryonic development. one sign is that verterbrates have common ancestor. at this stage, the animals look stringlingly similar. at some point, the common features develop into other structures.

Question 23

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What is molecular biology

Answer 23

evolutionary relationships among species leave signs in DNA and proteins. we all have essentially the same genes with differences here and there. Darwin believed that all organisms came from a common ancestor.

Also the body segments are coded by the same gene in all animals.

Life starts with a macromolecule, cell, mulitcellular tissues, organs, complexity, same genes to make various parts of the body.

cambrain explosion: everyone from a common ancestor.

Question 24

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what is gene flow

Answer 24

introduce new genes to a different enviornment, can increase variation.

introduction of new genes and exchange of new genes in new enviornment

Question 25

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genetic drift

Answer 25

change in gene pool and genetic make up of a population

bottle neck: natural disaster changes gene pool.

FOunder’s effect: first organism in isolated enviorment and low variation, less variation results in no variation.

Question 26

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what is mutation

Answer 26

exposure to mutagens (radiation/ chemicals)

problums in DNA replication, cell division, mitosis, miossi, protein sunthesis.

Question 27

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describe the types of natural selection # 1

Answer 27

Directional

bell curve

against one of the ends.

The change in the mean is a key feature of directional selction.

Question 28

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stablizing selction

Answer 28

more uniform

favoring the intermediate phenotypes

less variation

Question 29

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disruptive sleection

Answer 29

favors the extreme phenotypes

selection agaisnt the middle ones.

Question 30

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Describe sexual reproduction

Answer 30

sweaty T-shirt, females naturally drawn to opposite immune system

more to do in the wild

natural selection better

less cloning, when we put the male DNA in

Males fight in sexual competition

Females chose for best mate in sex.

inbreeding reduces variation

Question 31

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What is asexual reproduction

Answer 31

yeast reproduce by budding

bacteria=mitosis

no variation

clonners

no evolution

all going to be affected, risk of extinction

conjugation (bacteria sex) allows exchange of chromosomes

Question 32

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both (secual and artificial)

Answer 32

create variation

male and female

try to adapt better to enviornment

Question 33

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artificial slection

Answer 33

less random

more selective genes

no need for fighting for mates

you breed animals selectively

control for a trait

mating with a strong male and strong female produce better offspring