MINERALOGY BASIC CONCEPTS (MINERAL PROPERTIES) Flashcards
1
Q
Modes of Formation of Minerals
A
- Precipitation from Solution
- Sublimation from Gas
- Crystallization from a melt or other liquid
- Solid State Growth
- Solid-Liquid or Solid-Gas reactions
2
Q
Solutions from which minerals can precipitate
A
- Surface Water (springs, rivers, lakes, oceans)
- Groundwater
- Hydrothermal Solutions
3
Q
Formation through solid state growth is common in
A
Metamorphic Minerals and Rocks
4
Q
Solid-liquid or solid gas is common in
A
Weathering
Vein formation
Metamorphism
5
Q
Small Seed Crystals
A
Nuclei
6
Q
Does crystal faces reflect internal structure?
A
Yes
7
Q
CH a=b=c
A
equant
8
Q
CH a=b>c; c is thin
A
Tabular
9
Q
CH a=b»c; c is very thin
A
platy
10
Q
CH a>b=c; a is long
A
Prismatic or columnar
11
Q
Ch a>b>c; a is long, c is thick
A
Bladed
12
Q
CH a»>b=c; band c are very thin
A
Acicular
13
Q
CH a»»b=c; b and c are extremely thin
A
Capillary or filliform
14
Q
equal dimensions cube or sphere
A
equant
15
Q
tablet or diskette like
A
Tabular
16
Q
sheet like
A
Platy
17
Q
pillar like or column like; Slender to Stubby
A
Prismatic or Columnar
18
Q
blade or knife like
A
Bladed
19
Q
needle like
A
Acicular
20
Q
hair like
A
Capillary or filliform
21
Q
Assemblage of similar crystals
A
crystal aggregate
22
Q
acicular - filiform parallel
A
Fibrous
23
Q
acicular - filiform coming from a central point
A
Radiating
24
Q
primastic diverging from a common area
A
Divergent
25
tabular-bladed lattice work like a scaffolding
Reticulated
26
tabular-bladed petal like arrangement
Roseiform
27
surface lined with very small "goosebump-like" crystal
Outward Pointing Clusters
drusy
28
tree like branching network of crystals
dendritic or aborescent
29
like foliated but split into sheets
Micaceous
30
subparallel layers of minerals
lamellar or foliated (Medyo wavy)
31
Aggregate of very small crystals with a fine-grained apperance
massive
32
subequant macroscopic crystal aggregates with granular apperance
granular
33
parallel layers of same minerals with different colors as in agate
banded
34
spherical to subspherical layers about a common center parang dendrocrons sa trees
concentric
35
globular or ball like cluster likes bunch of grapes
botryoidal or colloform
36
large round masses resembling human breasts
mamillary
37
radiating compact clusters of crystals ending in rounded kidney-like surface
reniform
38
Compact clusters radiating outwars forming rounded ball-like shapes
Globular
39
spherical concentrically layered sand sized grain aggregate <2mm
oolitic
40
spherical, concentrically layers, gravel sized aggregates
pisolitic
41
spherical to ellipsoidal gas vesicles infilled with secondary minerals
amygdaloidal
42
grains having size of granulated sugar
saccharoidal
43
resembling pendant cylinders or cones
stalactitic
44
radiating invdividuals forming star like or circular groups
stellated
45
Crystal aggregates produced by partial or complete filling of subspherical cavity as crystallization proceeds from the walls inwards
geodes
46
aggregates consist of sub-spherical bodies that include both newly precipitated crystals and pre-existing material formed by growing outward from a central nucleus within a rock body and incorporating pre-existing mineral material as they do so
concretions/concretionary
47
Resistance of minerals to scratching or abrasion by a sharp tool
Hardness
48
Invented the Mohs Scale
Frederic Mohs 1824
49
relative hardness scale
Mohs Scale of Hardness
50
hardness of fingernail
2.5
51
hardness of a copper penny
3.5
52
hardness of a wire nail
4.5
53
hardness of a glass plate and Knife blade
5.5
54
hardness of a streak plate
6.5
55
Mohs Scale Minerals
(The Good Cat Flew Around Our Queen To Catch Dogs)
Talc
Gypsum
Calcite
Fluorite
Apatite
Orthoclase
Quartz
Topaz
Corundum
Diamond
56
Soft minerals
= 3
57
Intermediate
3-5.5
58
Hard
>/=5.5
59
Quantitative measure of hardness of minerals
Knoop Hardness Scale
60
What is the basis of Knoop scale?
Absolute hardness related to stress required to indent a polished mineral surface
61
Formula for knoop
(Force applied x Time of application)/ Size of indentation
62
The larger the identation the ______ the mineral
softer (Inversely proportional)
63
Knoop of Scale
T 1
G 32
C 135
F 163
A 430
O 560
Q 820
T 1340
C 1800
D 7000
64
Hardness of a mineral depends on
1) Bond Strength
2) Density of Concentration in a crystal structure
65
mass per unit volume
density
66
units of density
kg/cu m or g/ cc
67
the number of atoms per unit volume
packing index
68
Density is proportional to
1) Packing index
2) Atomic Mass Number
69
Ratio of the density of a material and the density of pure water at STP
Specific gravity
70
STP
3.9 deg celsius / 273.15 kelvin/ 32F
1 atm (101.325 kPa) 760mmHg
71
density of water at STP
1 g/cc
72
simply the total mass accelerated by gravity
weight
73
what is the average acc due to gravity?
9.8 m/s^2
74
unit of weight
Newton or kg-m/s^2
75
density of gold
19.3 g/cc
76
Sg of Gold
19.3 unitless
77
a cubic cm of gold has a total mass of
19.3 g
78
weight of a cubic cm of gold
0.196 N
79
response of minerals to short term stresses at normal surface temp and presure
Tenacity
80
Ability of being bent and returning to their orig shape when stress is released
Elasticity
81
ability to be bent but not returning to orig shape
Flexibility
82
plastic behaviour which can be hammered into thin sheets
Malleability
83
plastic behaviour which can be draw into thin wires
Ductility
84
minerals which breaks or fractures upon applying stress
Brittle
85
can be cut into thin shavings
sectile
86
External surface formed when mineral ceases to grow
Growth Surface
87
External surface formed when minerals is broken from its host rocks
Breakage Surface
88
relatively flat surfaces generated by mineral growth which is external expression of the minerals internal structure
crystal faces
89
minerals completely enclosed by crystal faces
Euhedral
90
minerals partially enclosed by crystal faces
subhedral
91
minerals that possess no crystal faces
anhedral
92
Cyrstal Nucleation in restricted space will result to
mineral surface that reflects the shape of that space
93
Crystal Nucelation in a fluid
free to grow and will be completely envlopd by crystal faces
94
Flat, planar, light-reflecting breakage surfaces that represent zone of weak planes in the crystal structures
Cleavage
95
Diagnostic properties of a cleavage surface
1) flat, planar surface
2) Light reflecting
3) Repeating of flat surfaes as sets of parallel surfaces
96
The number of sets or directions of cleavage equals the number of?
sets or directions of weakly bonded planes in the mineral structure
97
Mineral with 1 set of cleavage
Mica
98
mineral with 2 set at 90 deg
Feldspar - Orthoclase
99
Mineral with 2 set at 57 and 123
Amphibole
100
Mineral with 3 set at 90 (Cubic)
Halite and Galena
101
Mineral with 3 set not at 90 (Rhombohedral)
Calcite and Dolomite
102
Mineral with 4 sets (octahedral)
Fluorite
103
Mineral with 6 sets (dodecahedral)
Sphalerite
104
Cyrstal variety of gypsum
Selenite
105
Fibrous aggregates variety of gypsum
Satinspar
106
Massive variety of gypsum
alabaster
107
Non-flat, less reflective, non-parallel breakage surface
Fracture surfaces
108
When will a mineral have fracture surface?
When cleavage is less than 3 sets
109
facture marked by smooth, curved surface which occur both in minerals and rocks develops when a material have similar total bond strength in all directions
Conchoidal
110
Minerals with Conchoidal farcture
Qtz, garnet, Olivine , Chalcedony, opal
111
Rocks with conchoidal fracture
Obsidian, Flint, chert
112
Most common fracture in minerals that are uneven or irregular usually produced in fine grained, randomly oriented mineral aggregates
Uneven or irregular fracture
113
Minerals with Uneven fracture
Alabaster, granular olivine
114
Fracture which tend to separate between fibers and is a characteristic of fibrous aggregates
Splintery Fracture
115
Minerals with splintery faracture
Satinspar, Serpentine, Asbestos
116
Fracture characterized by ragged sharp edges usuallly possesed by native elements Jagged Edges parang edges ng yero pag nagrust
Hackly Fracture
117
Breakage surfaces that are related to stress or twinning after a mineral was formed
Parting Surfaces
118
Minerals which have parting surface
Garnet and Corundum
119
Parallel set of linear features that appear as engraved ridges and/or grooves on mineral surfaes
Striations
120
Minerals with striations
Calcite, Plag (Due to twinning), Pyrite (due to pyritohedron)
121
Salty mineral
Halite
122
Bitter tasting mineral
Sylvite
123
Sweet alkaline taste mineral
Borax
124
Greasy feel is because of this kind of bond
Van der waals
125
Very soft minerals with greasy feel
Talc, Graphite, Molybdenite
126
Sulfides with sulfur smell
Marcasite
Sphalerite
127
Arsenic bearing minerals with garlicky smell
Arsenopyrite
Realgar
128
The phenomenon of fizzing when a drop of dilute HCl is placed on the specimen
Effervescence
129
Minerals that exhibit effervescence
Calcite, Aragonite, Witherte, Rhodochrosie
130
mineral which fizzes only in powdered form or hcl is heated
dolomite
131
wavelength range of light
700nm (Violet) to 300 nm (Red)
132
thie refers to the property of transmitting light by minerals
Diaphaneity (Opacity)
133
Minerals which do not transmit light
Opaque
134
What is the general streak of opaque minerals?
dk. Gray to blk
135
Minerals that transmit a significant portion of incident light
Transparent
136
What is the general streak of transparent minerals?
White
137
Minerals that transmit some light but not enough to transmit an image
Translucent
138
General streak of translucent minerals
White or colored streaks that are not gray or black
139
what is the best way to check diaphaneity?
To hold the specimen up to the light and peer through the thinnest edge
140
Apperance of a mineral surface in reflected light based on the light reflected on the surface of a mineral, light scattered from the surface and light absorbed by the mineral
Luster
141
characteristic of mienral that reflect and/or reradiate large amounts of minimally scattered, coherent light and absorb the rest
Shiny but opaque
Metallic luster
142
results from a larger amount of scattering of light or from the mienral being not quite opaque
Submetallic luster
143
minerals with distinctive submetallic luster
Chromite, Magnetite and Bornite
144
Reflect little or no coherent light which are usually fine grained granular affregates so that they scatter light
Dull or earthy luster
145
Reflect extremelt bright coherent light which produce unusually replendent quality
Adamantine
146
Opaque Mineral with Adamantine Luster
Rutile
147
Transparent minerals with Adamantine Luster
Sphalerite
Diamond
Emerald
Ruby
Sapphire
148
Minerals that transmit light possess this kind of luster
Non metallic
149
Streak of minerals with non metallic lusters
White or other colored not gray or black
150
luster of shiny glass
Vitreous
151
Minerals with vitreous luster
Qtz, Calc, Fluorite
152
subdued compared to vitreous and adamantine because of partial scattering of light or by internal scattering of light
Subvitreous
153
luster of minerals with fibrous habit that consists of parallel fibrous aggregates
Silky luster
154
luster typical of floor wax
Waxy
155
Luster similar to amber or tree sap
Resinous
156
common when mineral has a perfect cleavage and hence partially separated into thin plates
Pearly
157
color of the mineral powde by scratching a mineral on an unglazed porcelain plate
Streak
158
Hardness of a streak plate
6.5
159
Minerals that transmit mixture of all wavelengths of light have this streak
white
160
Minerals, usually opaque, which absorbs light has this streak
Black to gray
161
Minerals that selectively transmit or absorb wavelengths
Clored streak
162
Streak of hematite
Brick red
163
what wavelength is being transmitted by hematite
Red
164
What wavelength is bein transmited by azurite
Blue
165
What wavelengths is being transmitted by malachite
Blue and Yellow
166
the result of a complex interplay among reflection, absorption, transmission, refraction, scattering and dispersion of light as it interacts with the mienera's chemical and structural component
Color
167
Minerals that are self colored which have relatively constant shade of color, indepenent of any impurities and/or defects
Idiochromatic
168
Idiochromatic minerals
Azurite - Blue
Malachite - Green
Sulfur - Yellow
Galena - Gray
169
minerals which are characterized by colors that vary from one specimen to another or even within the same specimen and is strongly influenced by impurities or defects "Foreign colored"
Allochromatic
170
colorless quartz
Rock Crystal
171
White Quartz
Milky quartz
172
pink quartz
Rose quartz
173
honey brown or dark brown quartz
Smoky quartz
174
Yellow quartz
citrine
175
Blue to green quartz
Aventurine
176
Purple quartz
Amethyst
177
Impurities in Minerals usually transition elemetns which produce change in color
Chromophores
178
collective term for the change of colors as angle of incident light changes
Play of colors
179
caused by inclusions oriented accdng to te host mineral's crystal structures which produces six sided star-like pattern as light is scattered by the inclusios at specific indicent angles
Asterism
180
Characteristic of certain fibrous minerals in which a band of light moves from side to side perpendicular to the fibers especially when they are curved
Chatoyancy
181
Minerals that exhibit chatoyancy
Satinspar fibrous gypsum
Tiger's eye quartz
182
Minerals display a play of colors when rotated because of scattering of light from zones of contrasting compostion within the mineral
Iridiscence
183
Iridiscense shown by a plagioclase feldspar
Labradoresence
184
Another name for labradorescence
Schiller effect
185
a soft glow of light that floats just under the surface of a polished gemstone and is observed in some semi-translucent to translucent feldspar
Adularescence
186
Gemstone that exhibit adularescence
Moonstone
187
pearly reflection from the interior of a mineral like the effect of a glass of water which a few drops of milk has been added
Opalescence
188
Property when a mineral emit light when subjected to an external source of energy
Luminiscence
189
original energy state
Ground state
190
Occurs when a mineral is subjected to short wavelength radiation such as gamma, xray and UV..
Fluorescence
191
Occurs when mineral exhibit visible light after it is no longer subjected to the incident radiation
Phosphoresence
192
occur when mineral emit light when heated to 50-475 deg cel
Thermoluminiscnce
193
Materials emit light in response to stress induced by rubbing or crushing of specimen
Triboluminisence
194
Mineral which shows triboluminisnce
Milky quartz
195
mineral changes in color upon exposure to sunlight and UV light
Photochromism/tenebresence
196
Mineral which exhibit tenebresence
Hackmanite (Sodalite)
197
Most ferrimagnetic minerals
Magnetite, Pyrrhotite
198
strongly magnetic variety of magnetite
Iodestone
199
Minerals strongly attracte to magnets and can retain magnetizations for long periods of time
Ferromagnetic- Ferrimagnetic
200
Minerals weakly attracted to strong magnets become magnetized in an external magnetic field but lose such property when the said field is removed
Paramagnetic
201
Not attracted to magnet even to very powerful ones and can even repell them
Diamagnetic
202
Minerals that lack the presnce of transition metals or other magnetic ions
Diamagnetic Minerals
203
Magnetic ions in a mienral have a completely random orientaion
Paramagnetic
204
Natural tendencey for pair of ions to align in opposite directions so that there is spin pairing between adjacent magnetic ions
Antiferromagnetic
205
excess magnetic ions aligned in one direction
ferrimagnetism
206
increase in temperature induces electric current that flows from one end of the crystal to the other
Pyroelectricity
207
electric current flow is procued by a pressure or stress applie to one end of the minerals
Piezoelectricity
208
What kind of minerals possess such propoerties
Anisotropic that lack a center of symmetry
209
QUALITIE OF GEM
Ornanetal Value
Beauty
Durability
Rarity
Fashionability
Portability
210
Tektites
Black to Brown Natural Glass formed from Terrestrial debris from meteorite impacts
211
Impactites
A rock produced during the impact of a meteorite on a planetary surface
212
Fulgurites
glass silica mineral (lechatelierite) fused in the heat from a lighnting strike
213
Psuedotachylite
Forms due to friction melting of rocks and. Or shearing due to impact
