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GLE 2024 (Day 2) > MINERALOGY BASIC CONCEPTS > Flashcards

MINERALOGY BASIC CONCEPTS Flashcards

1
Q

Al-Rich modifier

A

Aluminian

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2
Q

Ca-Rich modifier

A

Calcian

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3
Q

Cr-Rich modifer

A

Chromian

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4
Q

Fe2+-Rich

A

Ferroan

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5
Q

Fe3+ - Rich

A

Ferrian

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6
Q

Mg-rich

A

Magnesia

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7
Q

Mn-rich

A

Manganoan

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8
Q

how are minerals divided into classes?

A

Depending on dominant Anion or anionic Group

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9
Q

Reasons supporting that minerals should be classified based on their anionic group

A

1) minerals having same anion have unmistakable family resemblance which is stronger compared to minerals who share dominant cation; 2) Minerals related by dominan of same anion tend to occur together in the similar geol envi; 3) Such scheme of classification agrees well with current chemical practice in naming and classifying inorganic cmpds

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10
Q

Families of minerals are subdivided in terms of what?

A

Chemical Types

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11
Q

Groups of minerals in the same family are subdivded in terms of what?

A

Structural similarity

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12
Q

General Properties of Sulfides?

A

Majority are ore minerals, opaque, with distinctive colors,and characteristically colored streak

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13
Q

Non-Opaque Sulfides with extremely high refractive indices and transmit light only on thin edges?

A

Cinnabar, Realgar, and Orpiment

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14
Q

General formula of Sulfides

A

XmZn where X is the metallic while Z is the non metallic sulfide

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15
Q

Sulfides that have regular octahedral coordination?

A

Galena (NaCl type)

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16
Q

Sulfides that have regular tetrahedral Coordination?

A

Sphalerite

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17
Q
  1. Polymorphs of ZnS
A

Sphalerite and Wurtzite

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18
Q

Difference between Sphalerite and Wurtzite

A

Sphalerite have face centered cubic latice (Diamond like) while Wurtzite have hexagonal closest packing

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19
Q
  1. A rare sulfide which is isostructural with sphalerite
A

Greenockite (CdS)

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20
Q

The structure of this minerals is derived from Sphalerite by regularly substituting Cu and Fe ions for Zn

A

Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)

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21
Q

The structure of the mineral is based on Sphalerite in which layers of orered Fe and Sn alternate with layers of Cu

A

Stannite (Cu2FeSnS4)

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22
Q

This mineral has a combination of Tetrahedral and triangular coordiation?

A

Covellite

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23
Q
  1. What is the difference in terms of occurence with FeS2 polymorphs?
A

Marcasite is said to occur over a range of low to med temp in Sed Rocks and Metalliferous types while Pyrite occurs as magmatic (High T) const.

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24
Q

A mineral that has a structure derived from marcasite in which one S per unit formula is replaced by As

A

Arsenopyrite (FeAsS)

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25
Q
  1. Term used to indicate certain type of unoxidized sulfur mineral that is structurally distinct from a sulfide?
A

Sulfosalt

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26
Q
  1. Double sulifides
A

sulfosalt

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27
Q
  1. Where do one usually find sulfosalt?
A

Accessory mineral in Hydr. Vein

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28
Q

How many elements are found in native state with the exception of gases in the atmosphere?

A

20

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29
Q

Isostructural members of the gold grp?

A

Ag, Cu, Pb

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30
Q

Isostructral elements with Pt grp

A

Pd, Os, Ir, Pt

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31
Q

Fe rich variety of Ni-Fe

A

Kamacite

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32
Q

Ni rich variety of Ni-Fe?

A

Taenite

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33
Q

What are the two isostructural native semimetals group?

A

1)As, Sb, and Bi Group and Se,Te Grp

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34
Q

Why does gold and silver have complete solid solution and not with copper?

A

Because Ag and Au have same atomic radii 1.44A

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35
Q

Atomic radii of Cu?

A

1.28A

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36
Q

The gold group have unit mesh of?

A

Face centered cubi lattice

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37
Q

Coordination number of Gold group?

A

12

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38
Q

similar properties of the Gold Group?

A

soft, malleable, ductile and sectile, Conductors, metallic luster and hackly fracture and low melting points

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39
Q

Crystal habit and packing of Gold group?

A

Isometric Hexoctahedral, high densities due to cubic closest packing

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40
Q

Common colors of Au,Cu,Ag?

A

Yellow,Red,White

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41
Q

Alloy of platinum and Iridium?

A

Platiniridium

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42
Q

Alloy of iridium and osmium

A

Iridosmine

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43
Q

Members of the Pt group that have hexgonal packing

A

Palladium, platiniridiu, and Iridosmine

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44
Q

Members of the Pt group thta have cubic packing

A

Platinum and Iridium

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45
Q

Difference of Pt group from Au Grp?

A

Pt grp have higher melting poing and are harder

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46
Q

Crystal system of Iron Group

A

Isometric

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47
Q

Members of Fe Group?

A

Pure Fe, Kamacite and Taenite

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48
Q

Radius of Iron atom and Ni atom respectively?

A

1.26 A and .25 A

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49
Q

Ni wt.percent of Fe, Kamacite and Taenite respectively?

A

5.5 wt% Ni, 27-65 wt%

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50
Q

which have closest cubic packing among the members of the Fe Group?

A

Taenite

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51
Q

Chemical bond of Semi metals?

A

Intermediate bet metallic and covalent

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52
Q

do semimetals have stronger bonds than metals?

A

Yes and its more directional thus having low symmetry (Hexagonal)

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53
Q

Common properties of native semi metals?

A

Weak bond, good cleavage, brittle and poor conductor

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54
Q

How is Native sulfur formed?

A

Sublimation

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55
Q

Crystal system of naturally occuring Sulfur?

A

Ortho

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56
Q

temp at which sulfur is stable as ortho

A

95.5

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57
Q

Cyrstal system of a highT sulfur polymorph?

A

Monoclinic

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58
Q

Chemical bonding in sulfur?

A

Vanderwaals and covalen

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59
Q

This element can substitute for Sulfur (1.04A)

A

Selenium (1.16A)

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60
Q

this is the cleavage of diamond caused by the fact that only 34% of the spaces are filled

A

Octahedral

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61
Q

how many neigbor does a carbon in diamond have and its coordination polyhedra?

A

4, Tetrahedron

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62
Q

How many neighbor does a carbon in graphite have and its coordination polyhedra?

A

3, Triange

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63
Q

What gives graphite its relatively high electrical conductivity?

A

Because 1 of the 4 carbon atoms is free to wander over the suface of the sheet thus creating a dispersed electrical charge

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64
Q

How many percent of Ag does California Gold carry?

A

10-15%

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65
Q

How many percent of Ag does electrum carry?

A

20% or greater

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66
Q

How does one express the purity or finesse of gold?

A

parts per 1000

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67
Q

Solid solution of Ag and Hg?

A

Amalgam

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68
Q

SiO ratio of Neso?

A

1:4

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69
Q

Why are nesosilicates have usually equidimensional habit and generally no cleavage?

A

Because SiO4 tetraheda are independent/Isolated

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70
Q

Most abundant mineral in the UPPER MANTLE?

A

Olivine

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71
Q

What’s the effect of dense atomic packing to Nesosilicates?

A

High G

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72
Q

Calcic Olivine CaMgSiO4?

A

Monticellite

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73
Q

Gem quality of Olivine

A

Peridote

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74
Q

Garnets are common in what rocks?

A

Metamorphic

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75
Q

Whats the structural formula of Garnets?

A

A3B2(SiO4)3

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76
Q

What types of cations occupy each sites of A and B?

A

A site - large divalent cations (+2 Fe, Ca,Mg,Mn)
B site - smaller trivalent cations (+3 Al, Fe, Cr)

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77
Q

Garnet group in which Al occupies the divalent site?

A

Pyralspite

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78
Q

Ca occupies trivalent site of this Garnet group

A

Ugrandite

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79
Q

Aluminum rich garnet?

A

Pyrope, Almandine, Spessartine and Grossular

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80
Q

Ferrous Garnet

A

Andradite

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81
Q

Chrome Garnet

A

Uvarovite

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82
Q

Black Garnet with Ti and Na?

A

Melanite

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83
Q

Garnet found in Mantle Perioditie and Kimberlites

A

Pyrope

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84
Q

Plymorphs of Al2SiO5?

A

Kyanite HP, Andalusite LP, Sillimanite HT

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85
Q

In which rrocks do these aluminosilicates usually form?

A

Med-to High grade Met Rocks

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86
Q

Which of the three is triclinic?

A

Kyanite

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87
Q

What’s the Si O ratio of Sorosilicates?

A

2:7

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88
Q

What is the crystal system of the Epidite Group?

A

Monoclinic

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89
Q

Zoisite has a crystal system of?

A

Orthorhombic

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90
Q

A sorosilicates rich in REEs and Fe2+?

A

Allanite

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91
Q

How many oxygen is shared?

A

1

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92
Q

SiO ratio of ring silcates?

A

1:3

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93
Q

How many oxygen is shared?

A

2

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94
Q

What are the three possible configuration of Cyclosilicates?

A

Si3O9 (Triangular Ring 3 Silica Tetrahedra)
Si4O12 (Square Ring 4 Silica tetrahedra)
Si6O18 (Hexagonal Ring 6 silica tetrahedra)

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95
Q

Example of Si3O9 (Triangular Ring Configuration)?

A

Benitoite (BaTiSi3O9)

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96
Q

Example of Si4O12?

A

Axinite (Ca,Fe,Mn)3 Al2 (BO3) (Si4O12) (OH)
Papagoite (Ca2Cu2Al2Si4O12(OH6))

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97
Q

This is the most basic framework of the structure of common cyclosilicates

A

Si6O18

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98
Q

High Temp polymorph of Cordierite?

A

Indialite

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99
Q

How many oxygens are shared by single chain silicates?

A

2

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100
Q

Whats the Si:O ratio?

A

1:3

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101
Q

How many oxygen are shaed by band form silicates/double chain?

A

3 on the other half and 2 on the other half

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102
Q

SiO ratio of amphibols?

A

4:11

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103
Q

In terms of chemical composition, contrast pyx from amph

A

amph has OH which means it is hydrous and thus have lighter density and lower refractive index

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104
Q

In terms of habit how do they differ?

A

Amphiboles are long slender crystals usually acicular while pyroxene are stout prisms

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105
Q

In terms of crystallization?

A

In Bowens, pyx crystallizes first than amphibole, if pyx reacts with water at lower temp amphibole may form

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106
Q

In terms of prograde and retrograde met, which crystallizes first?

A

Since prograde met, temperature is increasing, amphbole will crystallize first then pyroxene. For retrograde, pyx first.

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107
Q

What is the general formula for pyx?

A

XY(Si2O6)

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108
Q

Cations which can occupy X (Octahedral to Cubic)?

A

Na, Ca, Mn, Fe2+, Mg, Li

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109
Q

Cations which can occupy Y (Normal Octahedral)?

A

Fe2+, Mg, Fe3+, Al3+, Cr, Ti4+

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110
Q

aside from Si4+ what other cation can occupy Z?

A

Al3+

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111
Q

Whats the contrast between X and Y cations

A

X must be larger in terms of ionic radii

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112
Q

This represents the end members of the pyx trapezium SS series

A

Diopside-Hedenbergite
Enstatite and Ferrosilite

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113
Q

What are sodium containing pyx?

A

Aegirine and Jadeite

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114
Q

This represents a SS series of intermediate composition

A

Aergirine-Augite

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115
Q

What represents SS Series between jadeite and Augite?

A

Omphacite

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116
Q

This is a rare pyx fund in Li-rich pegmatites

A

Spodumene

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117
Q

minerals with pyrixene silica ratio but are not structurally identical with pyx

A

Pyroxenoids

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118
Q

How do pyroxenoids differ for pyroxenes?

A

They have splintery clevages and fibrous habit

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119
Q

What s the general formula for amph?

A

W0-1 X2Y5 Si8O22 (F,OH)2

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120
Q

Only ions which can occupy W site?

A

Na and K

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121
Q

Ions which can occupy X site larger cations?

A

Ca, Na, Mn, Fe, Mg, Li

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122
Q

Ions which can occupy Y site?

A

Mn, Fe, Mg, Fe3+, Al and Ti

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123
Q

Z site ions

A

Si and Al

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124
Q

Basal series of amphibole?

A

Antophyllite-Grunerite

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4
5
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125
Q

Upper calcic series of amphibole?

A

Tremolite-ferriactinolite

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126
Q

Mg rich member of the tremolite-ferractinolite series?

A

Actinolite

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127
Q

What series does Hornblende occur?

A

Tremolite-ferroactinolite

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128
Q

These are the Na-rich amphiboles?

A

Glaucophane
Riebeckite
Arfvedsonite

129
Q

This is the terms used to described combined structures related to biotite, Pyroxene and amphibole?

A

Biopyriboles

130
Q

Examples of biopyriboles?

A

Jimthompsonite, and chesterite

131
Q

What does the greek word phyllon mean?

A

leaf

132
Q

General habit of phyllosilicates?

A

Flaky or platy

133
Q

What is the general cleavage for phyllosilicates?

A

1

134
Q

Other distinguishing characteristics of Phyllosils?

A

generally soft,
low G, and
may show flexibility or even elasticity

135
Q

How many oxygen of the tetrahedron are shared in an infinetly extended sheet?

A

3

136
Q

Si:O ratio?

A

2:5 (T-O)or 4:10 (T-O-T)

137
Q

A sheet in which oxygen or OH group is surrounded by three cations?

A

Trioctahedral

138
Q

Example of mineral with Trioctahedral Sheet?

A

Brucite

139
Q

A sheet in which each oxygen or OH group is surrounded only by two cations?

A

Dioctahedral

140
Q

Example of dioctahedral minerals?

A

Gibbsite and Corundum

141
Q

Magnesium Octahedral Sites

A

Brucite

142
Q

Aluminum Octahedral Sites

A

Gibbsite

143
Q

Properties of T-O layering?

A

only one side of the octahedral is bonded, Electrically neutral, bonded by Vande Waals

144
Q

Joining tetrahedral sheets on both of the ochatedral sheet?

A

T-O-T layers

145
Q

Characteristics of TOT minerals

A

very weakly bonded, which exhibits easy gliding and greasy feel

146
Q

If an univalent cation substitute for every fourth Si what would be the structure?

A

T-O-T interlayer univalent cation bond

147
Q

properties of a T-O-T interlayered cation bond?

A

bond is more firm, glding diminished, hardness is increased and slipper feel is lost

148
Q

group which represent T-O-T interlayer cation bond?

A

True Mica Group (AlSi3O10)

149
Q

Dioctahedral micas with univalent interlayer cation K?

A

Muscovite

150
Q

Dioctahedral T-O-T + Na interlayer cation?

A

Paragonite

151
Q

Trioctahedral T-O-T + K interlayer cation?

A

Phlogopite

152
Q

What are the usual divalent cations that bind TOT?

A

Ca2+ and Ba2+

153
Q

Properties of TOT with divalent interlayer cation bbond

A

ionically bonded, cleavage is diminished, hardness and density is increased and flexibility is almost lost

154
Q

What group represent TOT interlayer with divalent cation?

A

Brittle Mica Group (Al2Si2O10)

155
Q

Trioctahedral TOT divalent cation bond

A

Clintonite

156
Q

dioctahedral TOT divalent catiion bond?

A

Margarite

157
Q

How are vermiculute minerals formed?

A

Talc structure interlaminated by water moelcules in definite sheets

158
Q

This group is derived from the pyrophyllite structure by insertion of sheets of molecular water containing exhangeable cations between pyrophyllite tot layers

A

Smectite group (montmorillonite)

159
Q

Why are vermiculite and montmorillonite called swelling clays?

A

Because of their ability to incorporate large amounts of interlayer water

160
Q

K-rich mineral intermediate between Montmorillonite and true micas and are called alkali deficient micas?

A

Illite

161
Q

These minerals are formed by bending of the tetrahedral sheet to better fit with the adjoining octahedral brucite sheets

A

Serpentine Mienrals

162
Q

The bending in this serpentine mineral is not continuous but rather corrugrations?

A

Antigorite

163
Q

The bending in this serpentine mineral is continouous and results to cylindrical tubes

A

Chrysotile (Fibrous)

164
Q

What is polytypism

A

A type of polymorphsm wherein different polymorphs exist in different domain of same crystal that have something to do with the way individual layers are stacked

165
Q

Charge of framework silicates?

A

Neutral

166
Q

How much of the crust is made up of tectosilicares?

A

64%

167
Q

What is the Si O ratio of tectosiliicates?

A

1:2

168
Q

How many oxygens are shared?

A

4

169
Q

What is synthetic polymorph of quartz?

A

Keatite

170
Q

Only polymorph of quartz with Si in octahedral coordination with Ox?

A

Stishovite

171
Q

What does a lower specific gravity and refractive index imply?

A

Higher temperature forms with great lattice energy (beta)

172
Q

A high silica glass of variable composition

A

lechatelierite

173
Q

A silica with locally ordered sphere sturctures and highly variable H2O content which is the main composition of microscopic shells of Diatoms and Radiolaria

A

Opal

174
Q

In which oxide is Stishovite isostructural?

A

Rutile

175
Q

Most dense Silica Polymorph which exists in High Pressure (>75Kbar (7.5 Gpa, 250 km) found in the deep mantle?

A

Stishovite

176
Q

A dense high temp high pressure silica polymorph (20Kbar, 2GPa)

A

Coesite

177
Q

This is where stishovite and coesite were both naturally indentified

A

Meteor Crater, Arizona

178
Q

High Temp Low Pressure silica which is common in silica-rich volcanic rocks

A

Triydmite and Cristobalite

179
Q

What are the principal naturally occuring SiO2 Polymorphs?

A

Low/alpha quartz, Low/alpha tridymite, and low/alpha cristobalite

180
Q

Naturally occuring SiO2 that has the lowest symmetry and the most compact?

A

low quartz (alpha)

181
Q

Naturally occuring SiO2 that has the high symmetry and the a more open structure?

A

low tridymite (alpha)

182
Q

Naturally occuring SiO2 that has the highest symmetry and the most expaned structure?

A

low cristobalite (alpha)

183
Q

Why is there no naturally occurring beta quartz?

A

Because high quartz are stable only at temp greater than 580 deg celsius, at atm conditions, it transforms to Alpha quartz

184
Q

Which of the displacive polymorphic pairs have low symmetry?

A

Low variety or the alpha

185
Q

Whats the effect of increased in pressure in polymorphic transformation?

A

It increases inversion temperature

186
Q

Examples of Barium Felspars?

A

Celsian (BaAl2Si2O8)
Hyalophane (K,Ba)(Al,Si)2 Si2O8

187
Q

What is the cleavage of feldspars?

A

2 direction close to 90

188
Q

General Hardnesss of Feldspars?

A

6

189
Q

Sp. Gravity of felds?

A

2.55-2.76

190
Q

Whats the variation in Al-Si distribution in feldspar crystals relative on rate of cooling at high?

A

Those that are cooled rapidly have disordered Al-Si distrbution

191
Q

Bakit AlSi3O8?

A

Kasi dapat SiO2 or Si4O8 since Al is incorporated one Si site will be given to Al

192
Q

High temp polymorph of kFelds?

A

Sanidine

193
Q

Low temp polymorph of Kfelds?

A

Microcline

194
Q

Arrange Kfelds in terms of orderness of Al-Si Distribution

A

Sanidine - Orthoclase - Microcline

195
Q

Arrange Kfelds in terms of Temp formation from highest to lowest

A

Sanidiine - Orthoclase - Microcline

196
Q

What parameters can u use to differentiate polymorphs of K-felds

A

Unit cell dimension, 2V or extinction Angle

197
Q

Where do you usually find microcline based on its temp of formation?

A

Deep seated rocks and pegmatites

198
Q

Where do one usually find orthoclase?

A

Intrusive rocks formed at intermediate temo

199
Q

Where does one usually find sanidine?

A

High Temp silic lava extrusive

200
Q

What specific varieties of feldspars are involved in perthitic texture?

A

Microcline and Albite

201
Q

Thin layers of albite in a host of K-felds

A

Perthite

202
Q

in what temp conditions does solid solution bet plagioclases occur?

A

High Temp

203
Q

What are the 3 exsolution texture that may occur in Plagioclase?

A

1) Peristerite 2)Boggild Intergrowth/Labradoresence and 3)Huttenlocher intergrowths

204
Q

How can one detect the exosolution textures in plag series?

A

Through Iridiscence

205
Q

Exsolution or intergrowth which occur at An2 - An15

A

Peristerite (Gem stone variety

206
Q

intergrowth at An47 to An 58?

A

Boggild Intergrowth/Labradorescence

207
Q

Intergrowth at An 60 to An 85

A

Huttenlocher intergrowths

208
Q

These are anhydrous framework silicates similar to feldspar but has much lower silica content

A

Feldspathoids

209
Q

What are the chracteristics of feldpathoid melts?

A

Alkaline (rich in K, Na, Ca) and less silicic

210
Q

This is the deifining character of feldspathoid structure

A

Large sturctural cavities which make them open for more anions

211
Q

G range of feldspathoids

A

2.15-2.5

212
Q

Feldspathoid with Cl

A

Sodalite

213
Q

Feldspathoid with Carbonate with yellow rose colors ?

A

Cancrinite

214
Q

Feldspathoid with SO4?

A

Noselite

215
Q

Feldspathoid with SO4, Cl amd S?

A

Lazurite

216
Q

Zeolite normally form as

A

Amygdules

217
Q

These are hydrous framework aluminoslicates?

A

Zeolites

218
Q

anions in zeolites?

A

Na, Ca, K and H2O

219
Q

What is itumesence?

A

A swelling up which results when water is expelled during heating

220
Q

Whats the literal meaning of Zeolite from their greek etymolgy?

A

Boil Stone

221
Q

in what metamorhic conditions are zeolite found?

A

Low grade regional met zone (Zeolite facies)

222
Q

Hardnes of zeolite?

A

3.5-5.5

223
Q

G of Zeolite?

A

2.0-2.4

224
Q

Main divisions of zeolites?

A

1) Fibrous habit (Chain Structure) 2)Platy Habit with (Sheet structure) and 3)Equant Habit (Framework structure)

225
Q

Due to the ability of being rehydrated, where do zeolites usually used in industry?

A

Dessicants (removal of water in petroleum)

226
Q

This is a silicate which demonstrates molecular shieveing

A

Zeolites

227
Q

Contrast Hard and Soft Water?

A

Hard is Ca-rich while Soft is Na-rich

228
Q

which property of zeolite makes it suitable for removing harmful ions in radioactive waste , or ammonia from sewage and agricultural waste

A

Cation exhange property

229
Q

Common Uses of Zeolite

A

1) Removal of radioactive isotopes from nuclear waste water
2) Scrubbing of pollutants from stacks
3)Sewage Treatment, water softening (Removal of Ca)

230
Q

Shared properties of Zeolites?

A

Diaphaneity (Transulcent to Transparent)
Luster (Vitreus to Peary)
SG (2.1-2.3)
Streak (White)
Hardness (Intermediate 3.5-5.5)

231
Q

metamorphic minerals with compositions suggestive of feldspars

A

Scapolite

232
Q

Intermediate member of Marialite-Meionite SS?

A

wenerite

233
Q

which has affinity to albite?

A

Marialite

234
Q

which has affinity to anorthite?

A

Meionite

235
Q

Groups of strongly bonded anionic complexes which are always stronger than those occuring between other ions of the structure

A

Anisodesmic

236
Q

which mineral groups are anisodesmic

A

carbonates , Nitrates, Phosphates, Chromates, Tungstates, Arsenates, Vanadates, Molybdates

237
Q

Mineral group that is mesodesmic

A

Borates

238
Q

what is the polyhedra formed by anionic PO4, VO4 and AsO4 group with oxygen?

A

Tetrahedra

239
Q

Common phosphates

A

Apatite, Monazite (Th)

240
Q

Where do Monazite usually occurs?

A

in Beach deposits with other heavy resistant mienrals

241
Q

Phosphate minerals found in pegmatites and source of lithium

A

Amblygonite

242
Q

Arsenates that is similar in structure with vanadinite and Pyromorphite

A

Mimetite

243
Q

What is the coordination polyhedra of BO3?

A

Triangular

244
Q

Regarded as a network former in glass manufcature and is used in the preparation of special glasses of light weight and high transparencey to energetic radiation

A

Boron

245
Q

EV of borates

A

1

246
Q

EV of sulfates

A

1.5

247
Q

what type of bonds occur in the sulfate anion?

A

Covalent

248
Q

Most important and common of the anhydrous sulfates?

A

barite group

249
Q

how many ox ion is coordinated with barium ion?

A

12

250
Q

How many ox ion is coordinated in anyhdrite?

A

8

251
Q

Most important and abundant hydrous sulfate?

A

Gypsum

252
Q

what is the effect of reconstructive transformation of gypsum to anyhdrite?

A

Decrease in specific volume and loss of perfect cleavage

253
Q

This group contains compounds of fairly small divalent cations in 6 coordination with moO

A

Wolframite Grp

254
Q

This group contains compounds of larger cations in 8-coordination w/ WO4, and MoO4

A

Scheelite Grp

255
Q

What are the two partial series betwee W and Mo

A

1) Scheelite (CaWO4) - Powellite (CaMoO4); 2)Stolzite (PbWO4) and Wulfenite (PbMoO4)

256
Q

Element used to manufacture hard, refractory steel alloys used for hig speed cutting tools, incadescent lamps, electrical contacts, crucibles and spark plugs

A

Tungsten

257
Q

What is the ev of CO3?

A

1 1/3

258
Q

What is the residual ev of oxygens in CO3?

A

2/3

259
Q

What is the coordination polyhedra of Carbonates?

A

Triangle

260
Q

Why do carbonates fizz?

A

Because with the addition of Hydrogen ion from the acid, carbonate becomes unstable and breaks down to yield CO2 and H2O

261
Q

Space group of calcite

A

R 3bar c

262
Q

what is the structure of calcite?

A

Rhombohedral

263
Q

What is the cleavage of calcite?

A

Rhombohedral

264
Q

What is the miller indicices assigned to such cleavage?

A

101bar1

265
Q

how many Ca to O coordination does calcite have?

A

6

266
Q

How many Ca to O coordination does aragonite have?

A

9

267
Q

what are the ionic radii of cations in aragonite group?

A

> 1.0A

268
Q

What crystal system does aragonite have?

A

Orthorhombic

269
Q

space group of aragonite

A

Pmcn

270
Q

Stable form of CaCO3 at room temp

A

Calcite

271
Q

BaCa(CO3)2

A

Barytocalcite

272
Q

CaMn(CO3)2

A

Kutnahorite

273
Q

Temperatures at which calcite and dolomite is at solid soluton

A

1000-1100 deg cel

274
Q

Between Calcite Grp and Aragonite GRp, which is bonded to much larger cations?

A

Aragonite:Large Cations

275
Q

Members of Hydroxycarbonates?

A

Azurite
Malachite

276
Q

What is the coordination polyhedra of Nitrates?

A

Triangle

277
Q

E.v of nitrates

A

1 2/3

278
Q

What are the ion dominant in halides?

A

Electronegative Halogen ions (Cl.F.Br,I) (Class VIIA or Row 17)

279
Q

Charge of halogens?

A

neg1 causing the minerals to be brittle, ttanslucent and quite soluble

280
Q

What is the coordination polyhedra of NaCl?

A

Octahedral (6)

281
Q

KF?

A

Carobiite

282
Q

Sulfides that have NaCl-type of structure

A

Galena (PbS), Alabandite (MnS)

283
Q

Oxide that are isostructural with Halite?

A

MgO (Periclase)

284
Q

CsCl-structure coordination number and polyhedra?

A

Cubic (8)

285
Q

structure of XY2 halides?

A

Cubic (8)

286
Q

bonding of halides?

A

Pure Ionic Bonding

287
Q

Common properties of Isometric Halides?

A

Low H
High Melting Point
Poor conductor of heat and electricity in solid state

288
Q

What mechanism allows conduction of electicity in halides?

A

Electrolysis - transport of charges by ions

289
Q

what will happen if halogens are combined with smaller and more polarizing cations?

A

Lower symmetry, bonds become covalent and presence of water or hydroxyl ion

290
Q

Halide formed by refining aluminim ores such as bauxite

A

Cryolite

291
Q

General property of Oxides

A

Hard, dense, and refractory

292
Q

Where do Oxides occur?

A

Accessory minerals in ign and met rocks abd as resistant detrital grains in sediments

293
Q

Genreal formula of simple oxides

A

X2O (Cuprite Grp)
XO (Periclase Grp)
XO2 (Rutile Grp)
X2O3 (Corundum Grp)

294
Q

General formular of multiple oxides

A

XY2O4 (Spinel Grp)
XYO3 (Perovskite Grp)
XYO2 (Ilmenite Grp)

295
Q

Chief ore of iron

A

hematite and magnetite

296
Q

Chier ore of chromium

A

Chromite

297
Q

Chief ore of manganese

A

Pyrolusite, Manganite, Romanechite

298
Q

Chief ore of tin

A

Cassiterite

299
Q

Chief ore of Uranium

A

Uraninite

300
Q

Ore of Titanium

A

Ilmenite

301
Q

bond type of oxides

A

Ionic

302
Q

Coordination polyhedra of hematite group

A

Octahedral (CN 6)

303
Q

Do periclase show cation vacancies?

A

NO

304
Q

Polymorphs of Rutile

A

Anatase and
Brookite

305
Q

Why is Rutile prismatic?

A

It is the reflection of the chainlike arrangement of octahedra

306
Q

CN of pyrolusite, rutile, and cassiterite?

A

6 octahedral

307
Q

CN of Cerianite, Thorianite and Uraninite?

A

8 Cubic

308
Q

General formular of Spinel Group

A

XY2O4 or X8Y16O32

309
Q

Differentiate Normal Spinel and Inverse spinel

A

Normal have geeral formula of X8Y16O32 while in inverse 8 of the 16 cations occupy the 8 tetrahedral site so that Y (YX) O4

310
Q

What is the expected coordnation polyhedra for magnesium?

A

Octahedral

311
Q

What is the expected coordination polyhedra for aluminum?

A

Tetrahedral

312
Q

What led petrologists to suggest that olivine which is thought to be abundant in the mantle, is converted to spinel-type srtuctures at great depths?

A

Since spinel structure is similar to that of the olivine series and the total cation carge is identical however spinel structure is 12% denser than olivine

313
Q

What are the high pressure olivine polymorphs?

A

Ringwoodite and Wadsleyite

314
Q

What characterizes members of the Hydroxide group?

A

Presence of (OH) or H2O milecules which causes the bonds to be weaker than oxides and as lower SG

315
Q

Differentiate brucite and gibbsite in terms of structure

A

Brucite is trioctahedral while gibbsite is dioctaheral

316
Q

what is the natural crystal form of diaspore?

A

Boehmite

317
Q

What is the natural crystal form of goethite?

A

Lepidochrocite

318
Q

Important ore mineral in lateritic soils

A

Goethite

319
Q

Finely granular, amorphous mixtures of Iron, Hydroxide, and Hydrated iron hydroxide minerals

A

Limonite

GLE 2024 (Day 2) (41 decks)

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