midterm... Flashcards
stable internal environment
homeostasis
system of the body designed for homeostasis
integumentary system
main organ of integumentary system
skin
outer layer of the skin
epidermis
pigment for skin cells
melanin
protein that hardens skin
keratin
second layer of skin
dermis
third layer of skin
subcutaneous layer
a serious condition caused by log exposure to the sun’s rays
skin cancer
most dangerous form of skin cancer
malignant melanoma
oil that waterproofs skin and keeps it flexible
sebum
help regulate temperature
sweat glands
the removal of waste substances from the body
excretion
most important excretory organs
kidneys
return of water and molecules to blood during filteration
reabsorption
working units of kidneys
nephron
liquid waste body produces
urine
hormone that controls reabsorption of water
ADH
enzyme that increases blood pressure
renin
machine that does work for kidney
artificial kidney/dialyzer
process where machine does work for kidney
dialysis
system that uses chemical messengers to communicate with parts of the body
endocrine system
mastery gland
pituitary
chemical messengers for body
hormones
hormone that controls metabolism
thyroxine
growth hormone
somatotropin
swelling in neck due to lack of iodine
goiter
glands that produce insulin and glucagon
islets of langerhans
disease that results when the body doesn’t produce or respond to insulin
diabetes mellitus
scientific name for adrenaline
epinephrine
other hormones adrenal glands produce besides adrenaline
steroids
system that allows for continuation of human race
reproductive system
the gland that produces the sleep hormone
pineal gland
hormone that governs ability to sleep
melatonin
time of physical transition from child to adult
adolescence
stage of life in which reproductive organs mature
puberty
female reproductive organ
ovaries
female reproductive hormone
estrogens
male reproductive hormone
testosterone
organ that provides place for unborn child to develop
uterus
moment of fertilization/ that life begins
conception
the 38-to 40-week period from conception to birth
Gestation
first 8 weeks of development
Embryo
ninth week of development until birth
Fetus
connects placenta to child
umbilical cord
process of birth
labor
study of living things
biology
main root with secondary roots that branch off of it
taproot system
plants whose flowers produce seeds covered by fruit
angiosperms
plants that live for one year (growing season)
plants that live for two years (growing seasons)
plants that live for many years (growing seasons)
annual- 1
biennials- 2
perennials- many
part of the plant that is usually found above ground
shoot system
trees that lose their leaves each winter
deciduous
part of the plant that is ordinarily underground
root system
contains developing leaf or stem structures
buds
two leaves growing from each node
opposite arrangement
one leaf per node
alternate arrangement
organisms that make their own food
autotrophs/producers
plant’s chloroplasts capture the radiant energy of light and convert it into the chemical energy of food (light to food)
photosynthesis
the transfer of pollen from another to stigma
pollination
when sperm cell and egg cells unite
fertilization
reproductive cells of a plant or any other organism
gametes
fleshy and juicy throughout
berry
fruit of grass family
grain
period of inactivity
dormancy
growth in length
primary growth
older, inner wood that no longer conducts sap
heartwood
thick,horizontal stem that goes underground
rhizome
special stem used for protection
thorn
protects root as it goes in soil (in end of root)
root cap
one-way diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
osmosis
seed that is not covered by the wall of an ovary
gymnosperm
tiny, hair-like threads that act as roots of moss
rhizoids
the largest of the brown algae
kelp
any organism that uses both sexual and asexual reproduction
alternation of generations
smallest of the green,
chlorophyll containing organism
algae
a group of structures that function together as a unit to perform a definite job for the body
system
obtain their nutrition from dead organisms
saprophytes
the body’s defense against foreign invaders
immune system
give support and rigidity to the body while they protect vital organs and produce blood cells
skeletal system
allows for the continuation of the human race
reproductive system
attaches a muscle to a bone
tendon
non-living material that surrounds cells
matrix
tissues that join bones to other bones
ligaments
tough, rubbery connective tissue that cushions the joints between bone
cartilage
largest bone in the body
femur
most freely movable joint
ball and socket
tissue that manufactures red and white blood cells
red bone marrow
enlargement of muscles through use
hypertrophy
muscles found in heart
cardiac muscles
bones used for protection
flat bones
degradation of the muscles through use
atrophy
largest and strongest muscles of the body
gluteus maximus
cells that rarely reproduce
neurons
main organ on the nervous system
brain
what brain and spinal cord make up
central nervous system
inability of muscles to use
paralysis
disease characterized by tremors and stiffness
parkinson’s disease
simplest act of the nervous system
reflex
controls the complex muscle movement
cerebellum
says that a person’s actions can be explained through stimuli
behaviorism
organs of taste
tastebuds
nerve that connects nose to brain
olfactory nerve
nerve that connects eyes and brain
optic nerve
allow you to see color
cone cells
allow you to see shades of gray
rod cells
chemical processes of life
metabolism
most important energy-producing compounds in the cell
carbohydrates
molecules characterized by insolubility in water
lipids
building blocks of proteins
amino acids
organs that break and crush food
teeth
most common disease of man
cavity
rhythmic wave of muscular contractions that moves food through the digestive tract
peristalsis
primary organ of the digestive system
small intestine
hormone that signals the liver to remove glucose
insulin
infection of colon
dysentery
largest percentage of blood
plasma
when blood pressure falls to a critical low
circulatory shock
disorder resulting from too little oxygen being transported to body cells
anemia
blood cells that function as part of the immune system
white blood cells
universal donors
O- (o negative)
inability of blood to clot
hemophilia
universal recipients
AB+
most efficient pump
heart
the body’s largest artery
aorta
carry blood away from the heart
arteries
carry blood to the heart
veins
movement of blood between the heart and the lungs
pulmonary circulation (to lungs)
systemic circulation in which blood moves through the kidneys
renal circulation (to kidneys)
portion of systemic circulation in which blood moves to the liver
portal circulation (to liver)
high blood pressure
hypertension
microscopic, thin-walled structures that make up the tissue of the lungs
alveoli
most common respiratory disease
common cold
can occur in younger people and is far more dangerous that dementia
alzheimer’s
