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10th grade biology > ch 8 > Flashcards

ch 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

principle organ of nervous system

A

brain

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2
Q

the part of the skull that provides a protective helmet for the brain

A

cranium

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3
Q

a thick bundle of nerve fibers located within the spinal cavity

A

spinal cord

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4
Q

transmit nerve signals to and from the rest of the body

A

spinal nerves

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5
Q

triple layer of protective tissues (around brain and spinal cord)

A

Meninges

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6
Q

branch directly from the brain stem and transmit nerve signals to and from the eyes, ears, mouth, face, and scalp

A

cranial nerves

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7
Q

one of the strongest tissues of the body, serves primarily as a flexible protective layer

A

Dura mater

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8
Q

composed of thin fibers that form an intricate three dimensional network around the brain

A

Arachnoid mater

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9
Q

forms a delicate covering that rests directly against the brain and spinal cord

A

pia mater

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10
Q

act as insulation

A

Glial cells

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11
Q

the nerve cells themselves

A

Neurons

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12
Q

contains a nucleus and most of the nerve cell’s cytoplasm

A

Cell body

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13
Q

a short, branched extension of the cell that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body

A

Dendrite

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14
Q

a long extension that relays nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons.

A

Axon

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15
Q

lack myelin

A

Gray matter

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16
Q

white, specialized covering

A

myelin

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17
Q

com­posed of axons and glial cells that are white because of their myelin content (contain myelin)

A

White matter

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18
Q

masses of cell bodies

A

Ganglia

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19
Q

a network of interconnected nerve fibers going to or from a region

A

Plexus

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20
Q

branches to form the median nerve and other arm nerves

A

Brachial plexus

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21
Q

A group of cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord

A

Nerve center

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22
Q

Neurons that transmit information to the central nervous system from the senses of sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell

A

Sensory neurons

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23
Q

Neurons that relay signals from the central nervous system to the other parts of the body; control muscles

A

Motor neurons

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24
Q

the go between/link for sensory and motor neurons

A

Interneurons

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25
Q

tightly sealed capillary walls

A

Blood brain barrier

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26
Q

infection in meninges

A

Meningitis

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27
Q

period of long unconsciousness

A

coma

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28
Q

A serious disease
that attacks the spinal cord

A

Polio

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29
Q

consists of nerves

A

Peripheral nervous system

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30
Q

bundles of nerve fibers branching from the brain and spinal cord

A

Nerves

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31
Q

nerves branching
directly from the brain

A

Cranial nerves

32
Q

nerves connected to the brain through the spi­nal cord

A

Spinal nerves

33
Q

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the heart and other internal organs

A

Autonomic nervous system

34
Q

causes heartbeat and breathing rates to increase

A

Sympathetic division

35
Q

acts as a balance to counteract the actions of the sympathetic division

A

Parasympathetic division

36
Q

controls the muscles of the forearm and the muscles and skin of the hand

A

Median nerve

37
Q

responsible for the process of nerve impulse conduc­tion

A

Nerve cells (neurons)

38
Q

true or false: neurons (nerve cells) rarely reproduce

A

true

38
Q

disease of the brain and spinal cord

A

MS

39
Q

produce layers of myelin sheathing that acts much like the insulation on an elec­trical wire

A

Schwann cells

40
Q

the inability of the muscles to move

A

Paralysis

41
Q

wave of electrical activity that is propagated by fast­-acting, voltage -sensing ion gates that quickly open and close, allowing sodium and potassium ions to briefly flow into and out of the cell

A

Action potential

42
Q

an enclosed junction between two neu­rons or a neuron and another cell

A

Synapse

43
Q

joining between neuron and muscle

A

Neuromuscular junction

44
Q

chemical signal

A

Neurotransmitter

45
Q

responsi­ble for the most deadly type of food poisoning

A

Botulinum toxin

46
Q

most deadly type of food poisoning

A

Botulism

47
Q

affects the patient’s control of posture and movement; it is characterized by tremors and stiffness of the limbs

A

Parkinson’s disease

48
Q

simplest act of nervous system

A

reflex

49
Q

simplest nerve pathway

A

Reflex arc

50
Q

the upper part of the brain, coordinates thought, memory, and learned behavior

A

Cerebrum

51
Q

helps control balance and coordinate voluntary muscle activity

A

Cerebellum

52
Q

the part that connects to the spinal cord, controls the involuntary muscles and activities of the autonomic nervous system

A

Brain stem

53
Q

two parts of cerebrum divide into

A

Hemispheres

54
Q

a deep groove that splits hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

55
Q

mass of nerve fibers; helps hemispheres communicate

A

Corpus callosum

56
Q

the outer layer of the cerebrum

A

Cerebral cortex

57
Q

correspond to the major bones of the cranium

A

Lobes

58
Q

analyze the senses on their respective sides of the body to allow us to feel sensations such as temperature, pressure, and pain and to make judgments about such things as shape and texture

A

Parietal

58
Q

The rear portion of the frontal lobes

A

Motor area

59
Q

associated with personality, judgment, and self control

A

Frontal lobe

60
Q

interprets sense of vision

A

Occipital lobe

61
Q

associated with the senses of hearing, taste, and smell

A

Temporal lobe

62
Q

Damage to the cerebral motor area before or shortly after birth

A

Cerebral palsy

63
Q

helps control balance and coordinate voluntary muscle activity; handles complex coordination

A

Cerebellum

64
Q

nerve fibers connecting the brain and spinal cord must pass through it

A

Brain stem

65
Q

monitors heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and other functions

A

Medulla

66
Q

allows your cerebrum to communicate with the cerebellum; the link between the cerebellum and cerebrum

A

Pons

67
Q

help coordinate the movements of both eyes

A

Midbrain

68
Q

serves as the “master switch” of the cerebrum

A

Reticular formation

69
Q

involved in coordinating the activity of the different parts of the brain

A

Limbic system

70
Q

acts like a switchboard, routing activation signals

A

Thalamus

71
Q

the control unit for the autonomic nervous system; responsible for emotion

A

Hypothalamus

72
Q

a person’s actions can be completely explained as responses to particular stimuli

A

Behaviorism

73
Q

true or false: The mind and physical brain are not the same thing

A

True; the mind and physical brain are different

10th grade biology (11 decks)

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