9.1-9.2 Flashcards
chemical processes of life
Metabolism
the elements and compounds that your body needs for energy, repair, and growth
Nutrients
the energy content of food
Calories(capital c)
fat cells
Adipose cells
excess of adipose cells/fat cells
Obesity
needed in relatively large amounts
Macronutrients
needed in relatively small amounts
Micronutrients
the most important energy-producing compounds in the cell, provide most of the energy for living things
Carbohydrates
simplest of carbohydrates
Sugars
a mixture of polysaccharides manufactured by plant cells for glucose storage
Starch
not digested
Dietary fiber
turns into a gel during digestion, thereby slowing digestion and helping the stomach and intestines absorb nutrients
Soluble fiber
helps move undigested wastes along to keep the intestines clean and healthy
Insoluble fiber
the primary component of plant cell walls, is a form of insoluble fiber
Cellulose
complex organic molecules used to build and maintain living cells
Proteins
compounds that are insoluble in water
Lipids
building blocks of protein/what proteins are made of
Amino acids
Simplest type of lipid molecule
Fatty acid
energy carrier of the cell
ATP
2 vitamins
Water-soluble
Fat-soluble
help the enzymes do their jobs
Coenzymes
substances that neutralize harmful molecules
Antioxidants
harmful molecules
Free radicals
makes up most of body
water
Fluid inside cells
Intracellular fluid
Fluid outside cells
Extracellular fluid
a tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
Alimentary canal
the processing of food
Digestion
the intake of nutrients
Absorption
a muscular action
Peristalsis
a soap-like substance formed by the liver
Bile
special proteins
Enzymes
digestion in mouth?
Oral cavity
a slimy substance
Mucus
Separates the mouth from the nasal passages; the roof of the mouth and works with the tongue, lips, and teeth to form words for speech
Palate
pushes food between the teeth and helps mix the food with mucus and saliva
Tongue
a small ball
Bolus
The digestive glands of the mouth
Salivary glands
sticky digestive juice
Saliva
cut, break, or crush food into smaller pieces
Teeth
four teeth that cut food apart
Incisors
the two tearing teeth that flank the incisors
Cuspids
the four light-grinding teeth that are in pairs on each side of the jaw next to the cuspids
Bicuspids
the six heavy-grinding teeth that are arranged three to a side at the back of the jaw
Molars
appear at 17-25
Wisdom tooth
when wisdom teeth don’t grow
Impacted
appear during the first four or five years of life and are lost by the age of fourteen
Primary teeth
The roots of the primary teeth are slowly reabsorbed as the _____, which form on the jaw beneath the primary teeth, prepare to erupt
Permanent teeth
scientific name for chewing
Mastication
the top of teeth; the part that you can see
Crown
part of tooth that’s right where the gum line is
Neck
anchors the tooth below the gum
Root
inner part of the tooth
Pulp
the bone-like layer that surrounds the pulp and forms the bulk of the tooth
Dentin
hardest substance in body
enamel
fastens the tooth to the jaw
Cementum
often added to drinking water and tooth-paste to make the teeth more resistant to decay
Fluoride
most common disease in man
Dental caries
a sticky, colorless film of bacteria on teeth
Plaque
causes tooth decay
Lactic acid
a gum disease; caused by bad oral hygiene
periodontal disease
a hard deposit on tooth; medical name?
Tartar; Calculus
the gums become tender and inflamed and are likely t; o bleed easily when the teeth are brushed; periodontal disease
Gingivitis
a disease in which the gums detach from the teeth and eventually the bones supporting the teeth are destroyed
Periodontitis
funnel-shaped cavity at the back of the oral cavity
Pharynx
muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
rhythmic wave of muscular contractions of the esophagus and digestive tract
Peristalsis
closes the top of the trachea as you swallow to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract
Epiglottis
