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immunology > Microenviroment > Flashcards

Microenviroment Flashcards

1
Q

what is an example of a Specialized microenvironments that is essential for
immune cell development

A

eg. “Stem cells niches”:
Supportive network of
stromal cells in the bone
marow

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2
Q

where is the major site of hematopoeisis in adults

A

bone marrow in the large bones in the medullary cavity

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3
Q

what is found in the bone marrow and what happens to it as we age

A

Cross-section of the bone marrow: full of
osteoblasts, adipocytes, endothelial cells,
reticular cells, neurons, and HSC.
As we age, the bone marrow fills with more and
more adipocytes

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4
Q

where does hematopoesis happen in the developing fetus

A

In the developing
fetus, hematopoiesis
occurs in the yolk
sac, aorta-gonad-
mesonephros (AGM)
region, placenta and
fetal liver

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5
Q

where do hematopeitic stem cells move as they mature

A

HSC move from
Endosteal niche to the
Vascular niche as they
mature

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6
Q

where do mature myeloid and lymphoid cells circulate

A

Mature lymphoid and myeloid cells
can re-circulate between the BM and
secondary immune organs

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7
Q

what do stromal cells do and what are the stromal cells

A

provide support for HSC growth and development

osteoblasts
endothelial cells
reticular cells
sympathetic neurons
adipocytes

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8
Q

osteoblasts

A

generate bone and control HSC differentiation

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9
Q

endothelial cells

A

line the blood vessels, regulate HSC differentiation

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10
Q

reticular cells

A

connect cells to bone and blood vessels via long processors (arms)

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11
Q

sympathetic neurons

A

can control the release of HSC from the bone marrow

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12
Q

adipocytes

A

regulatory? space filling?

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13
Q

where do T cells mature

A

they migrate to the thymus to mature

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14
Q

thymus growth

A

is largest at puberty and then shrinks dramatically

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15
Q

important stromal cells for thymocyte development

A

cTEC and mTEC

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16
Q

cTEC

A

Cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTEC)
* enable positive selection; select for T cells
that can interact

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17
Q

mTEC

A

medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC)
* enable negative selection; remove T cells that
interact with self antigens

18
Q

what happens to the number of thymocytes as they mature

A

The number of thymocytes (immuture T cells)
decline as the they mature.
DN: Double Negative
>DP: Double Positive
>SP: Single Positive

they move from the sucapsular cortex tot he cortex to the medulla

19
Q

how do immune cells interact with pathogens and become activated

A
  1. Leukocytes move from the circulation to the site of infection
  2. Specialized organs trap antigens
20
Q

what are the specialized organs that trap antigens

A
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
  • Peyer’s patches
21
Q

how are the lymphatic organs connected tot he lymphatic system

A

via the lymphatic vessels and nodes

22
Q

what does the lymph do

A

The lymph picks up cells
and proteins in the
interstitial fluid from the
tissue surrounding the
blood vessels and
lymphatics
Lymph is move through system by movement of surrounding muscles.

23
Q

what do lymph nodes trap

A

tissue borne antigens

24
Q

what does the spleen trap

A

blood borne antigens

25
Q

the lymph node

A
  • Highly organized structure
  • B cell zones and T cell zones
  • Follicular DC maintain
    follicular and germinal center
    structures
26
Q

where do antigens go

A
  1. Ag enters via the afferent
    lymphatics
  2. Empties into the supcapsular sinus
  3. Trapped by APC; either migrating
    though the LN OR resident
27
Q

delivery of antigens to t cells

A
  1. antigen capture, activation of migratory DC
  2. migration of DC through afferent lymphatics
  3. migraino of DC into paracortex
  4. assocatiion of DC with FRC
  5. interaction of DC with naive T cells
28
Q

delivery of antigen to B cells

A
  1. opsonized antigen enter afferent lymphatics
  2. SCSM bind antigen with complement receptors and transort it into the follicle
  3. nonantigen specific B cell grabs antigen with comlement receptor s
  4. FDC grabs antigen with complement receptors
  5. antigen specific B cell recognizes antigens with BCR
29
Q

The T cells experience

A
  1. Ag enters via the afferent lymphatics
  2. Empties into the supcapsular sinus
  3. Trapped by APC; either migrating though the LN OR resident
  4. Naïve T cells enter the LN from the blood via the high endothelial venules (HEV)
  5. Spend 16 to 24 h in the LN browsing antigen on APC
  6. a) Leave via efferent lymphatics if don’t find an Ag match
    In the paracortex (T cell zone): The
    fibroblast/follicular reticular cells (FRC) create
    processes and conduits to allow T cells to interact
    efficiently with APCs
  7. b) If find an Ag match, will stay in the node where it
    proliferates and differentiates into effector cells (kill or direct
    the killing)
30
Q

The B cells experience

A
  1. Ag enters via the afferent lymphatics
  2. Empties into the supcapsular sinus
  3. Trapped by APC; either migrating though the LN
    OR resident
  4. Enter the LN via HEVs
  5. migrate through the paracortex into the follicles
  6. a) Leave via efferent lymphatics if no Ag match
    Follicular dendritic cells provide the support for B cells to
    encounter Ag
  7. b) If encounter Ag, becomes partially activated and internalizes Ag
  8. Moves to paracortex to allow full activation by interacting with T
    cell
  9. Some B cells re-enter follicle and establish the germinal center (aka
    secondary follicle)
    * GC support generation of B cells with increased affinity (binding
    ability) for Ag
  10. Some B cells become plasma cells; reside in the GC OR in the bone
    marrow
31
Q

how do lymphocytes exit the LN

A

Lymphocytes exit the LN via efferent
lymphatic vessels- follow cytokine gradients

32
Q

how do antigens enter and leave the spleen

A

All Ag’s and cells enter via the
splenic artery and leave via the
splenic vein

33
Q

red versus white pulp of the spleen

A

Red and White pulp separated by the marginal zone
Red pulp: Old red blood cells are removed
White pulp: Lymphoid-rich region
* PALS: periarteriolar lymphoid sheath
* T cells
* B cell follicles & Germinal Centers

34
Q

Ag in the spleen

A

Ag enters via the splenic artery, encounters DC in the marginal zone, which trap and process it. DC
migrate to the PALS and activate T and B cells.

35
Q

mucosa contains what

A

Mucosa contains regions of highly specialized immune tissue
(MALT: Mucosal-associated lympoid Tissue)

36
Q

what does MALT respond to

A

muscosal
antigens (gut, bronchial, nasal)

peyers patches trap intestinal antigens

37
Q

what is the skin assocaited with

A

The skin is associated with lymphoid tissue

38
Q

what are interepidermal lymphocytes specialized to do in the skin

A

Intraepidermal lymphocytes
may be specialized to
respond to pathogens that
enter via the skin
Langerhans cells- tissue
resident dendritic cells

39
Q

what cells become memory cells

A

Some T and B cells become memory cells

40
Q

where are memory cells found

A

Can reside in secondary lymphoid organs or bone marrow (B
cells)
* central memory cells

41
Q

memory cells and tertiary lymphoid tissue

A

Can return to the tissue(s) that originally encountered Ag
* “tertiary lymphoid tissue”
* includes microenvironments, stromal cells that support immune
cell function
* effector memory cells can reside in this tissue

42
Q
A

immunology (30 decks)

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