13 Flashcards
what does AIRE do
allows mTECs to express, process and present peripheral antigens so that you have central positive selection of autoreactive T cells
what does a mutated AIRE lead to
autoimmune polyendoriconicopathy syndrome APECED
what happens if there is little to no aire activity
little to no expression of peripheral antigesn by mTECs, no central negative sleection of autoreactive T cells
what happens to high but not very high TCR affinity for self
some devleop into T regs that are CD4+
positive selection on
cTECs
negative selection on
mTECs and thymic dentdritic cells
where do superantigens come from
bacteria or viruses
what do superantigens activate
5% of all T cells in periphery
what do superantigens induce
severe negative selection/ massive deletion in thymus
when do gamma delta T cells develop
earlier than aB T cells
numbers of gamma delta T cells
lower than aB T cells
where are gammma delta T cellls found
in skin and epithelial areas like lungs and intestines
what do gamma delta T cells respond to
narrrow range of protein antigens and are the first line of defense for invading pathogens
variability of gamma delta T cells
less variable
correlates of protection
aspects of immunity assocaitedd with protection from infection or protection from disease
what is needed to know when making a vaccine
what type of imunity is needed for the specific pathogen
aB OR CELL MEDIATED
what immunity is required for viruses
both antibody and cell mediated
what does vaccination do to infection or sickness
protects from disaese without infection or sickness
leads to herd immunity to protect unvaccinated
activates specific parts of the immune system responsible for protection of infcetion from the disease (correlates of protection)
what is cross presentation
Cross-presentation is the ability of certain professional antigen-presenting cells to take up, process and present extracellular antigens with MHC class I molecules to CD8 T cells
when should you induce the B cell correlate of protection
- Ab neutralization
-opsonization
-metabolic interference
-needs to be directed against an external part of the pathogen
when should you induce the B cell correlate of protection
-cytokine production
-B cell help
-direct killing of infected cells
-more effective at recognizing pathogens with restricted diversity
-can use internal and external components bc antigens are processesd and presented
what is the process of vaccine production
pre clinial
acceptance to test on humans
phase i - 20-80 ppl
testing safety
phase ii- 100-300 ppl
safety and effectiveness
phase iii- 1000-3000 ppl
safety and effectiveness in large population
FDA reivew approval for mass public
phase 4- will see rare effects
post marketting surveilence
when are rare events detected for vaccines
phase 4 which is why we need post marketing surveilence
EUA
emergency usage approval - 2 months
full approval
6 months
what are adjuvants
increase immunogenicity
only needed for some times of vaccines
stabilizers
maintain effectiveness and structure durign transport and sorage
carry over substances
cause allergies
from manufacturing
what are the components of an effective vaccine
antigen
packaging of antigen - only some vaccines need this
adjuvants
stabilizers
carry over from manufacturing
antigen
whole organism or select genes/prtoeins
antigen for covid
spike protein
antigen for influenza
HA protein
tetanus antigen
toxoid
pneumococcal pneumonia antigen
capsular polysaccharide
what are the mechanisms for adjuvant function
slow antigen release from site of injection
recruit leukocytes- proinflamatory cytokines and chemokines- encourage thier maturation and migration (actiavion and trafficking to draining lymph nodes of pAPC)
aggregate adjuvants to encourage phagocytosis by local apcs
upregulate MHCII and costimulatory molecules to facilitate antigen presentation
what kind of vaccines lead to cell mediated cytotoxicity and ab respnose
endogenous pathway
live attenuated
viral vector
mRNA
subunit depending on packaging
what types of vaccines only get an antibody resposne
whole inactivated
virus like paricle
recombinant viral particles
subnunit
conugate
live attentuated respone
ab and cell mediated
virus like particles response
ab mediated
subunit
depends on packaging but can be both
mRNA response
ab and cell mediated
conjugae response
ab
viral recombinant particles
ab
viral like particles
ab
viral vector
ab and cell mediated
