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immunology > 13 vaccines > Flashcards

13 vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

benifits of live attenuated vaccines

A

no adjuvants

effective and long lasting resonse- steralizing for some

actual infection, replication and spread which activates multiple arms of the immune system and memory

activates CD8 T cells to become memory and effective T cells and puts antigens on MHC I molecules - potent immune effector mech with long term immunity

alternative routes of administration

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2
Q

multiple routes of administartion for live attenuated

A

oral polio- sugar cube- mucosa immunity

flu mist- intranasal- mucosal immunity

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3
Q

live attenutated vaccines disadvantages

A

can genetically revert back to wild type making it virulent requiring boosters and may infect acquired/ inherited mmunodefficent people

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4
Q

oral sabin polio vacciine

A

can genetically revert

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5
Q

what are whole inactivated vaccines

A

bacteria or virus are killed usually chemically making them unable to infect cells

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6
Q

benifits of whole inactivated vaccines

A

multiple parts of the pathogen can be recognized as antigens increasing likelihood for immune activation

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7
Q

drawbacks for whole inactivated vaccines

A

may have chemicals left in them

less effective becasue no infection, need multiple doses,

small amounts of endo or exo toxin

requires adjuvant

alternative routes possible but rn only instramuscular

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8
Q

what happens when you inject a vaccine intramuscularly

A

limits activation of mucosal immunity

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9
Q

how can we test for endotoxin

A

horseshoe crab blood

turns blue bc of limulus amebocyte lysate coagulates when endotoxin is present

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10
Q

what kind of vaccine do influenza, hep A, injected salk polio, pertussis and typhoid bacteria

A

whole inactivated

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11
Q

what do subunit vaccines include

A

representative proteins from pathogen. that are imortant targets for immune response

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12
Q

how are subunit vaccines prepared

A

chemical synth

or

expression of proteinin euk or bact cells followed by purification

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13
Q

what do subunit vaccines require

A

adjuvant and boosting

can combine proteins in lipid carrier to induce cell mediated response

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14
Q

what are toxoids

A

chemically inactivated subunit vaccines

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15
Q

what is a drawback and benifit to subunit vaccines

A

stronger antibody/ humoral response than cell mediated

safe but weak

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16
Q

what kind of immune response will toxoids result in

A

T dependent- T and B cell activation and memory and affinity maturtion and class switching

17
Q

what kind of antigens are polysaccharides

A

T indipendent antigesn that cause ab and no memory response JUST IGM

18
Q

what is the benifit of conjugate vaccines

A

lead to linked recognition- T D response to both toxoid and polysaccharide-

19
Q

what kind of vaccine do haemophilis influenza type B and tetanus toxoid use

A

conjugate

20
Q

what do virus like particles require

A

adjuvant, boosting

21
Q

immune response for viral like particle vaccines

A

stonronger humoral response than natural infection

22
Q

what kind of vaccine does HPV need

A

virus like particles

23
Q

how are virus like paritcle vaccines created

A

no nucleic acid so no infection, protein self assembles into virus like particle creating authentic antigenic structures

24
Q

what is the sars cov2 vaccine based on

A

adenovirus with very low virulence in humans

chadox1 ncov19

25
Q

where is the CH= DNA for sarscov2 virus from

A

replication deficient adenovirus

adenovirus isolated from chimpanzee engineered to be safe for humans

26
Q

where is the DNA from nCOV19 from

A

DNA encoding spike protien inserteed in adenoviral genome with the codon optimized

27
Q

ox=

A

oxford

28
Q

1

A

first gen

29
Q

what are examples of viral vector vaccines

A

sarsCOV2 - jandj, sputnik, astrazneexa/oxford

ebola

30
Q

how ydo you grow enogu hadenovirus to get vaccine

A

in human cells grown in lab using HEK293 cell line from the human embryonic kidneys since 1973 and legally oatined from fetus

31
Q

what kind of vaccines are adenovirus based recombinant DNA vaccines

A

viral vector

32
Q

how is the adenovirus modified in viral vaccines

A

cannot replicate and has in it the DNA to encode for the viral spike protein

33
Q

how do mRNA vaccines work

A

expression of viral proteins mimics a viral infectionwh

34
Q

whata re the two types of mRNA vaccines

A

conventional mrNA- comes in by endosome, gets translated then processed and put on MHC

or self amplifying mRNA- endosome but it replicates itself and gest translated

35
Q

how are the mrNA inserted into host

A

mRNA encapsulated in lipid

36
Q

when are mRNA antigens expressed on cell surface

A

by 12-24 hrs for 6-10 days

37
Q
A

immunology (30 decks)

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