13 vaccines Flashcards
benifits of live attenuated vaccines
no adjuvants
effective and long lasting resonse- steralizing for some
actual infection, replication and spread which activates multiple arms of the immune system and memory
activates CD8 T cells to become memory and effective T cells and puts antigens on MHC I molecules - potent immune effector mech with long term immunity
alternative routes of administration
multiple routes of administartion for live attenuated
oral polio- sugar cube- mucosa immunity
flu mist- intranasal- mucosal immunity
live attenutated vaccines disadvantages
can genetically revert back to wild type making it virulent requiring boosters and may infect acquired/ inherited mmunodefficent people
oral sabin polio vacciine
can genetically revert
what are whole inactivated vaccines
bacteria or virus are killed usually chemically making them unable to infect cells
benifits of whole inactivated vaccines
multiple parts of the pathogen can be recognized as antigens increasing likelihood for immune activation
drawbacks for whole inactivated vaccines
may have chemicals left in them
less effective becasue no infection, need multiple doses,
small amounts of endo or exo toxin
requires adjuvant
alternative routes possible but rn only instramuscular
what happens when you inject a vaccine intramuscularly
limits activation of mucosal immunity
how can we test for endotoxin
horseshoe crab blood
turns blue bc of limulus amebocyte lysate coagulates when endotoxin is present
what kind of vaccine do influenza, hep A, injected salk polio, pertussis and typhoid bacteria
whole inactivated
what do subunit vaccines include
representative proteins from pathogen. that are imortant targets for immune response
how are subunit vaccines prepared
chemical synth
or
expression of proteinin euk or bact cells followed by purification
what do subunit vaccines require
adjuvant and boosting
can combine proteins in lipid carrier to induce cell mediated response
what are toxoids
chemically inactivated subunit vaccines
what is a drawback and benifit to subunit vaccines
stronger antibody/ humoral response than cell mediated
safe but weak
what kind of immune response will toxoids result in
T dependent- T and B cell activation and memory and affinity maturtion and class switching
what kind of antigens are polysaccharides
T indipendent antigesn that cause ab and no memory response JUST IGM
what is the benifit of conjugate vaccines
lead to linked recognition- T D response to both toxoid and polysaccharide-
what kind of vaccine do haemophilis influenza type B and tetanus toxoid use
conjugate
what do virus like particles require
adjuvant, boosting
immune response for viral like particle vaccines
stonronger humoral response than natural infection
what kind of vaccine does HPV need
virus like particles
how are virus like paritcle vaccines created
no nucleic acid so no infection, protein self assembles into virus like particle creating authentic antigenic structures
what is the sars cov2 vaccine based on
adenovirus with very low virulence in humans
chadox1 ncov19
where is the CH= DNA for sarscov2 virus from
replication deficient adenovirus
adenovirus isolated from chimpanzee engineered to be safe for humans
where is the DNA from nCOV19 from
DNA encoding spike protien inserteed in adenoviral genome with the codon optimized
ox=
oxford
1
first gen
what are examples of viral vector vaccines
sarsCOV2 - jandj, sputnik, astrazneexa/oxford
ebola
how ydo you grow enogu hadenovirus to get vaccine
in human cells grown in lab using HEK293 cell line from the human embryonic kidneys since 1973 and legally oatined from fetus
what kind of vaccines are adenovirus based recombinant DNA vaccines
viral vector
how is the adenovirus modified in viral vaccines
cannot replicate and has in it the DNA to encode for the viral spike protein
how do mRNA vaccines work
expression of viral proteins mimics a viral infectionwh
whata re the two types of mRNA vaccines
conventional mrNA- comes in by endosome, gets translated then processed and put on MHC
or self amplifying mRNA- endosome but it replicates itself and gest translated
how are the mrNA inserted into host
mRNA encapsulated in lipid
when are mRNA antigens expressed on cell surface
by 12-24 hrs for 6-10 days
