cells and organs Flashcards
primary lymphoid organs function
Enable stem cells to mature to functional immune
cells
what do the secondary lymphoid organs do
Provide right the right environment to allow the
different cell types to interact
primary organs of the immune system
thymus, bone marrow
secondary organs of the immune system
spleen
lymph nodes
tonsil
lymphatic ducts
gut-
associated lymphoid tissue (GALT;
Peyer’s patches
what do the primary organs of the immune system do
where lymphocytes
are generated and undergo
development and maturation
what do the secondary organs of the immune system do
where mature
lymphocytes interact with
antigen
where do cells and molecules of the immune system circulate
in the blood as well
percentage by volume of plasma
55% and is made up of blood minus the cells (RBC, WBC, platelets)
it includes proteins, water, and other solutes
what percentage is the formed elements layer of blood by volume
45%
made up of white and RBC’s as well as platelets
what is serum
plasma minus clottting elements (fibrinogen)
what are leukocytes
white blood cells
what are and where are hematopoetic stem cells found
in the bone marrow- they are the precursors to the immmune cells
they are self renewing
what do hematopoetic progenitor cells differentiate into
myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells wich are both still in the bone marrow
new immune cells are generated by
hematopoesis in the bone marrow
the stem cells are self renewing and can differentiate into diverse cell types
lineage commitment occurs in
stages and can be detected by knowing the expression of speciic combinations of proteins
how do we detect the different combinations of proteins
flow cytometry- cells pass through in a single file and go through a laser plane- we can see thier size and if they are granular or not
How are antibodies used as tools
Antibodies are exquisitely specific and highly sensitive
* Can be generated against very specific epitopes
* Have very high affinities for their antigens
monoclonal antibodies
have one specificty and 1 affinity
plasma cell- myeloma cell
hybridoma
plasma cell- plasma cell
dies within a few days
myeloma cell-myeloma cell
?
how is the fusion and hybridization of plasma and myeloma cells
it is ramdom
selection of fusions
`HGPRT= catalyzes a step in the DNA
synthesis salvage pathway
Myeloma cells have a mutation in HGPRT so
must use de novo DNA synthesis
HAT selection media
Aminopterin inhibits
de novo DNA synthesis so cells must use
salvage pathway (ie. HGPRT mutants can’t
grow); supplemented with hypoxanthine
and thymidine to support nucleotide
synthesis
what hybridomas survive
Only hybridomas that gain WT HGPRT will
survive
flourescence based detection of proteins
covalent attach a flourescent molecule to a specific mAb to detect specific proteins on the cell
how do we detect the different ombinations of proteins
flow cytometry
what cells belong to the innate branch of the immune system
eosinophil
basophil
neutrophil
mast cell
natural killer cell
bridge innate and adaptive cells
monocyte
macrophage
dendritic cell
adaptive cells
T and B lymphoncyte
NKT cells
the myeloid lineage
- Develop from a common myeloid progenitor (CMP)
- Include the first
responders - Also megakaryocyte cells that make platelets and red blood cells (erythrocytes)
what cells are granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
mast cells
neutrophils
phagocyte, aka PMN (polymorphonuclear) leukocyte, 1 st to
site of infection, migrates from blood to tissue
eosinophil
phagocyte, migrating cell type
basophil
the only not phacocytic granulocyte
release substances from granules, major role in
allergy
mast cells
found in tissues, contain cytoplasmic granules, major role in
allergy
why are granulocytes called that
bc they contain granules
stained with hematoxylin and eosin - blue and pink
hematoxylin
is basic/positive so stains acidic structures blue
ie. nucleic acids
granules are blue and therefore acidic
eosin
is acidic/negative so stains basic structures pink
ie. granules in basophils
what are the functions of granules
the contents are released into the extracellular
space upon activation of the cell
they kill things outside the cell and activate other cells
macrophages
ingest and degrade large antigens (like bacteria)- phagocytosis
specialized macrophages
-osteoclasts (bone),
-microglial cells
(CNS)
-alveolar macrophages (lung)
-Kupffer cells (liver)
dendritic cells
- Both myeloid and lymphoid origins
- Specialized for antigen
presentation to T cells - Immature DC are phagocytic
- Follicular DC are a different lineage,
- found in Lymph Nodes
- Bind Ab:Ag complexes
- Important for B cell activation and maturation
what cells are of lymphoid lineage
- B lymphocyte
- T lymphocyte
- Innate lymphoid cell
- Natural Killer (NK) cells
- ILC1
- ILC2
- ILC3
- LTi
- lymphoid-derived Dendritic Cell
B lymphocyte
produce antibodies and act as pAPC
T lymphocytes
interact with other immune cels (APCs) or other target cells
natural killer cells
directly kill tumor cells and virally- infected cells
other ILCs
less known, secrete proteins (cytokines)
that initiate defence
what cells interact with antigens
B and T lymphocytes
B cells interaction with antigens
B cells interact with antigen and differentiate into antibody secreting plasma cellls
antibody binds antigen and facilitates its clearance from the body
what type of cells interacts with virus infected cell and through what receptor
Cytotoxic T cell through the class 1 MHC receptor
what cell interacts with antigens presenting cells and through what receptor
Helper T cells through the class II MHC receptor
BCR- B cell receptor
activated when found to a soluble antigen
TCR- T cell receptor
must be bound to a peptide and MHC class II receptor and CD4 protein bound to the MHC class II receptor
2 major types of T cells
T helper cells (Th)- CD4+ and interact with MHC class II
and cytotoxic T cells (Tc or CTL)- CD8+ and interact with MHC class I receptor
Both recognize Ag presented by MHC via their TCR but co-receptors
regulate the APC that they interact with.
GALT
gut associated lymphoid tissue
what is the function of thymic tissue in jawless vertebrates in relation to immunity
generate T like and B like lymphocytes
avian lymphocyte development
B and T cell development occurs in
specialized areas
HSC stem cells arise from BM
where do B cells develop in birds
bursa fabricius
where do T cells develop in birds
thymus
