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immunology > cells and organs > Flashcards

cells and organs Flashcards

1
Q

primary lymphoid organs function

A

Enable stem cells to mature to functional immune
cells

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2
Q

what do the secondary lymphoid organs do

A

Provide right the right environment to allow the
different cell types to interact

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3
Q

primary organs of the immune system

A

thymus, bone marrow

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4
Q

secondary organs of the immune system

A

spleen
lymph nodes
tonsil
lymphatic ducts
gut-
associated lymphoid tissue (GALT;
Peyer’s patches

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5
Q

what do the primary organs of the immune system do

A

where lymphocytes
are generated and undergo
development and maturation

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6
Q

what do the secondary organs of the immune system do

A

where mature
lymphocytes interact with
antigen

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7
Q

where do cells and molecules of the immune system circulate

A

in the blood as well

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8
Q

percentage by volume of plasma

A

55% and is made up of blood minus the cells (RBC, WBC, platelets)

it includes proteins, water, and other solutes

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9
Q

what percentage is the formed elements layer of blood by volume

A

45%
made up of white and RBC’s as well as platelets

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10
Q

what is serum

A

plasma minus clottting elements (fibrinogen)

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11
Q

what are leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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12
Q

what are and where are hematopoetic stem cells found

A

in the bone marrow- they are the precursors to the immmune cells

they are self renewing

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13
Q

what do hematopoetic progenitor cells differentiate into

A

myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells wich are both still in the bone marrow

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14
Q

new immune cells are generated by

A

hematopoesis in the bone marrow
the stem cells are self renewing and can differentiate into diverse cell types

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15
Q

lineage commitment occurs in

A

stages and can be detected by knowing the expression of speciic combinations of proteins

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16
Q

how do we detect the different combinations of proteins

A

flow cytometry- cells pass through in a single file and go through a laser plane- we can see thier size and if they are granular or not

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17
Q

How are antibodies used as tools

A

Antibodies are exquisitely specific and highly sensitive
* Can be generated against very specific epitopes
* Have very high affinities for their antigens

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18
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

have one specificty and 1 affinity

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19
Q

plasma cell- myeloma cell

A

hybridoma

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20
Q

plasma cell- plasma cell

A

dies within a few days

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21
Q

myeloma cell-myeloma cell

A

?

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22
Q

how is the fusion and hybridization of plasma and myeloma cells

A

it is ramdom

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23
Q

selection of fusions

A

`HGPRT= catalyzes a step in the DNA
synthesis salvage pathway
Myeloma cells have a mutation in HGPRT so
must use de novo DNA synthesis

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24
Q

HAT selection media

A

Aminopterin inhibits
de novo DNA synthesis so cells must use
salvage pathway (ie. HGPRT mutants can’t
grow); supplemented with hypoxanthine
and thymidine to support nucleotide
synthesis

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25
Q

what hybridomas survive

A

Only hybridomas that gain WT HGPRT will
survive

26
Q

flourescence based detection of proteins

A

covalent attach a flourescent molecule to a specific mAb to detect specific proteins on the cell

27
Q

how do we detect the different ombinations of proteins

A

flow cytometry

28
Q

what cells belong to the innate branch of the immune system

A

eosinophil
basophil
neutrophil
mast cell
natural killer cell

29
Q

bridge innate and adaptive cells

A

monocyte
macrophage
dendritic cell

30
Q

adaptive cells

A

T and B lymphoncyte
NKT cells

31
Q

the myeloid lineage

A
  • Develop from a common myeloid progenitor (CMP)
  • Include the first
    responders
  • Also megakaryocyte cells that make platelets and red blood cells (erythrocytes)
32
Q

what cells are granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
mast cells

33
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocyte, aka PMN (polymorphonuclear) leukocyte, 1 st to
site of infection, migrates from blood to tissue

34
Q

eosinophil

A

phagocyte, migrating cell type

35
Q

basophil

A

the only not phacocytic granulocyte
release substances from granules, major role in
allergy

36
Q

mast cells

A

found in tissues, contain cytoplasmic granules, major role in
allergy

37
Q

why are granulocytes called that

A

bc they contain granules

stained with hematoxylin and eosin - blue and pink

38
Q

hematoxylin

A

is basic/positive so stains acidic structures blue
ie. nucleic acids

granules are blue and therefore acidic

39
Q

eosin

A

is acidic/negative so stains basic structures pink
ie. granules in basophils

40
Q

what are the functions of granules

A

the contents are released into the extracellular
space upon activation of the cell

they kill things outside the cell and activate other cells

41
Q

macrophages

A

ingest and degrade large antigens (like bacteria)- phagocytosis

42
Q

specialized macrophages

A

-osteoclasts (bone),
-microglial cells
(CNS)
-alveolar macrophages (lung)
-Kupffer cells (liver)

43
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • Both myeloid and lymphoid origins
  • Specialized for antigen
    presentation to T cells
  • Immature DC are phagocytic
  • Follicular DC are a different lineage,
  • found in Lymph Nodes
  • Bind Ab:Ag complexes
  • Important for B cell activation and maturation
44
Q

what cells are of lymphoid lineage

A
  • B lymphocyte
  • T lymphocyte
  • Innate lymphoid cell
  • Natural Killer (NK) cells
  • ILC1
  • ILC2
  • ILC3
  • LTi
  • lymphoid-derived Dendritic Cell
45
Q

B lymphocyte

A

produce antibodies and act as pAPC

46
Q

T lymphocytes

A

interact with other immune cels (APCs) or other target cells

47
Q

natural killer cells

A

directly kill tumor cells and virally- infected cells

48
Q

other ILCs

A

less known, secrete proteins (cytokines)
that initiate defence

49
Q

what cells interact with antigens

A

B and T lymphocytes

50
Q

B cells interaction with antigens

A

B cells interact with antigen and differentiate into antibody secreting plasma cellls

antibody binds antigen and facilitates its clearance from the body

51
Q

what type of cells interacts with virus infected cell and through what receptor

A

Cytotoxic T cell through the class 1 MHC receptor

52
Q

what cell interacts with antigens presenting cells and through what receptor

A

Helper T cells through the class II MHC receptor

53
Q

BCR- B cell receptor

A

activated when found to a soluble antigen

54
Q

TCR- T cell receptor

A

must be bound to a peptide and MHC class II receptor and CD4 protein bound to the MHC class II receptor

55
Q

2 major types of T cells

A

T helper cells (Th)- CD4+ and interact with MHC class II
and cytotoxic T cells (Tc or CTL)- CD8+ and interact with MHC class I receptor
Both recognize Ag presented by MHC via their TCR but co-receptors
regulate the APC that they interact with.

56
Q

GALT

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue

57
Q

what is the function of thymic tissue in jawless vertebrates in relation to immunity

A

generate T like and B like lymphocytes

58
Q

avian lymphocyte development

A

B and T cell development occurs in
specialized areas
HSC stem cells arise from BM

59
Q

where do B cells develop in birds

A

bursa fabricius

60
Q

where do T cells develop in birds

A

thymus

61
Q
A

immunology (30 decks)

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