Microbiology Flashcards
What are some traits that increase an invaders chance of success?
- high growth rates
- dispersal capability
- phenotypic plasticity
- genetic diversity
Define colonisation
- the establishment of a microorganism on or within a host; it may be short lived
What are some common infections of the abdomen?
- peritonitis
- oesophagitis
- gastritis
- hepatitis
Name an example of a bacilli bacteria?
- enterobacteraecia
- mycoplasma tuberculosis
What shape is streptococcus?
- cocci
- chain
What shape is Staphlococcus?
- cocci
- clusters
What are some normal flora of the mouth?
- strep viridans
- neisseria
- candida
C.difficle is gram _____, and _____ in shape.
- gram positive
- bacillus
- spore producing
What are the 2 toxins produced by C.difficile called?
- Toxin A - enterotoxin
- Toxin B - Cytotoxin
How does C.difficle infections arise?
- part of normal flora in bowel
- antibiotics prescribed and kill off competitive bowel flora
- c.difficle overgrows
- spores produced
- can be transmitted from one patient to another
What are the symptoms of a c.difficle infection?
- abdo pain
- blood diarrhoea
- bowel perforation
What is the treatment of c.difficle?
- less severe = oral metronidazole
- severe = vancomycin
Explain who gets the rotavirus?
- children <3yrs
- childcare workers
What may be a complication in children that get the rotavirus?
- post-infection malabsorption causing more diarrhoea
How is rotavirus diagnosed?
- PCR test in faeces
What is the management of rotavirus?
- rehydration
- there is a vaccine
What is the method of transmission of norovirus?
- faecal-oral
Define antimicrobials?
- wider term that includes all agents that act against microorganisms, namely bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa
Define antibacterials?
- act only on bacteria
- including antibiotics
Define antibiotics?
- are produced naturally by microorganisms and kill or inhibit the growth f other microorganisms, mainly bacteria
What methods of transmission is antibiotic resistance achieved?
- vertical transmission
- horizontal transmission
Define vertical transmission?
- a bacterium accumulates mutations that allow it to be resistant these genes are passed n to subsequent generations
Define horizontal transmission?
- resistant genes are swapped from one microbe to another
Explain bacterial transformation?
- release of DNA from one bacteria is taken up by another
Explain bacterial transduction?
- release of phage from one bacteria is taken up by another
Explain bacteria conjugation?
- bridge like connections between bacterias allow for swapping of DNA
What are some solutions to improve AMR?
- Prevent infections
- tracking
- improving antibiotic prescribing
- develop new drugs
Define antimicrobial stewardship
- optimal selection, dosage and duration of antimicrobial treatment.
Enterobacteriacae is a gram_____ coliform.
It forments ____
and is non-_____ producing
- gram -ve
- it forments glucose
- non-spore producing
Flagella allow?
- movement
Fimbriae bind tight to ____
- tissue
Explain the benefits of MALD-TOF Spectrometry?
- low cost
- quick
- accurate and effective
Blood is associated in the stools of a patient with the rotavirus? True or False?
- FALSE
- Diarrhoea with NO BLOOD is associated with the rotavirus
Which virus is also named the winter vomiting bug?
- Norovirus
Define infection
- inflammation due to a microbe
Define bacteraemia
- prescence of viable bacteria in the blod
Define sepsis
- systemic inflammation response to infection
What may cause peritonitis?
- leakage of bowel contents into peritoneal cavity
What are the symptoms of peritonitis?
- pain
- tenderness
- guarding
- fever
- chills
What scoring system is used for sepsis?
- qSOFA
Empirical treatment for enterocuccs
- amoxicillin
Empirical treatment for coliforms
- gentamicin
- monitor urine output
Empirical treatment of anearobes
- metrondiazole
What is the sepsis 6?
- high flow O2
- IV fluids
- blood cultures
- IV antibiotics
- measure lactate and FBC
- monitor urine output
What questions should you ask a returned traveller?
- where have you been
- symptoms
- insect bites?
- swimming?
- people you travelled with?
- any vaccinations
Likely causes of acute traveller’s diarrhoea?
- E.coli
- salmonella
- norovirus
- rotavirus
Enteric fever can be either?
- typhoid or paratyhoid
Symptoms of enteric fever?
- headache
- constipation
- dry cough
Salmonella typhi is associated with what?
- enteric fever
Malaria may cause?
- pre-hepatic and hepatic jaundice
Investigations for amoebiasis?
- Stool microscopy
- AXR
- endoscopy
Giardiasis symptoms?
- watery diarrhoea
- bloating
Helminth infections associated with ______
- eosinophillia
- worm infections
