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GI > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are some traits that increase an invaders chance of success?

A
  • high growth rates
  • dispersal capability
  • phenotypic plasticity
  • genetic diversity
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2
Q

Define colonisation

A
  • the establishment of a microorganism on or within a host; it may be short lived
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3
Q

What are some common infections of the abdomen?

A
  • peritonitis
  • oesophagitis
  • gastritis
  • hepatitis
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4
Q

Name an example of a bacilli bacteria?

A
  • enterobacteraecia

- mycoplasma tuberculosis

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5
Q

What shape is streptococcus?

A
  • cocci

- chain

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6
Q

What shape is Staphlococcus?

A
  • cocci

- clusters

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7
Q

What are some normal flora of the mouth?

A
  • strep viridans
  • neisseria
  • candida
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8
Q

C.difficle is gram _____, and _____ in shape.

A
  • gram positive
  • bacillus
  • spore producing
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9
Q

What are the 2 toxins produced by C.difficile called?

A
  • Toxin A - enterotoxin

- Toxin B - Cytotoxin

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10
Q

How does C.difficle infections arise?

A
  • part of normal flora in bowel
  • antibiotics prescribed and kill off competitive bowel flora
  • c.difficle overgrows
  • spores produced
  • can be transmitted from one patient to another
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11
Q

What are the symptoms of a c.difficle infection?

A
  • abdo pain
  • blood diarrhoea
  • bowel perforation
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12
Q

What is the treatment of c.difficle?

A
  • less severe = oral metronidazole

- severe = vancomycin

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13
Q

Explain who gets the rotavirus?

A
  • children <3yrs

- childcare workers

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14
Q

What may be a complication in children that get the rotavirus?

A
  • post-infection malabsorption causing more diarrhoea
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15
Q

How is rotavirus diagnosed?

A
  • PCR test in faeces
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16
Q

What is the management of rotavirus?

A
  • rehydration

- there is a vaccine

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17
Q

What is the method of transmission of norovirus?

A
  • faecal-oral
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18
Q

Define antimicrobials?

A
  • wider term that includes all agents that act against microorganisms, namely bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa
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19
Q

Define antibacterials?

A
  • act only on bacteria

- including antibiotics

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20
Q

Define antibiotics?

A
  • are produced naturally by microorganisms and kill or inhibit the growth f other microorganisms, mainly bacteria
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21
Q

What methods of transmission is antibiotic resistance achieved?

A
  • vertical transmission

- horizontal transmission

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22
Q

Define vertical transmission?

A
  • a bacterium accumulates mutations that allow it to be resistant these genes are passed n to subsequent generations
23
Q

Define horizontal transmission?

A
  • resistant genes are swapped from one microbe to another
24
Q

Explain bacterial transformation?

A
  • release of DNA from one bacteria is taken up by another
25
Q

Explain bacterial transduction?

A
  • release of phage from one bacteria is taken up by another
26
Q

Explain bacteria conjugation?

A
  • bridge like connections between bacterias allow for swapping of DNA
27
Q

What are some solutions to improve AMR?

A
  • Prevent infections
  • tracking
  • improving antibiotic prescribing
  • develop new drugs
28
Q

Define antimicrobial stewardship

A
  • optimal selection, dosage and duration of antimicrobial treatment.
29
Q

Enterobacteriacae is a gram_____ coliform.
It forments ____
and is non-_____ producing

A
  • gram -ve
  • it forments glucose
  • non-spore producing
30
Q

Flagella allow?

A
  • movement
31
Q

Fimbriae bind tight to ____

A
  • tissue
32
Q

Explain the benefits of MALD-TOF Spectrometry?

A
  • low cost
  • quick
  • accurate and effective
33
Q

Blood is associated in the stools of a patient with the rotavirus? True or False?

A
  • FALSE

- Diarrhoea with NO BLOOD is associated with the rotavirus

34
Q

Which virus is also named the winter vomiting bug?

A
  • Norovirus
35
Q

Define infection

A
  • inflammation due to a microbe
36
Q

Define bacteraemia

A
  • prescence of viable bacteria in the blod
37
Q

Define sepsis

A
  • systemic inflammation response to infection
38
Q

What may cause peritonitis?

A
  • leakage of bowel contents into peritoneal cavity
39
Q

What are the symptoms of peritonitis?

A
  • pain
  • tenderness
  • guarding
  • fever
  • chills
40
Q

What scoring system is used for sepsis?

A
  • qSOFA
41
Q

Empirical treatment for enterocuccs

A
  • amoxicillin
42
Q

Empirical treatment for coliforms

A
  • gentamicin

- monitor urine output

43
Q

Empirical treatment of anearobes

A
  • metrondiazole
44
Q

What is the sepsis 6?

A
  • high flow O2
  • IV fluids
  • blood cultures
  • IV antibiotics
  • measure lactate and FBC
  • monitor urine output
45
Q

What questions should you ask a returned traveller?

A
  • where have you been
  • symptoms
  • insect bites?
  • swimming?
  • people you travelled with?
  • any vaccinations
46
Q

Likely causes of acute traveller’s diarrhoea?

A
  • E.coli
  • salmonella
  • norovirus
  • rotavirus
47
Q

Enteric fever can be either?

A
  • typhoid or paratyhoid
48
Q

Symptoms of enteric fever?

A
  • headache
  • constipation
  • dry cough
49
Q

Salmonella typhi is associated with what?

A
  • enteric fever
50
Q

Malaria may cause?

A
  • pre-hepatic and hepatic jaundice
51
Q

Investigations for amoebiasis?

A
  • Stool microscopy
  • AXR
  • endoscopy
52
Q

Giardiasis symptoms?

A
  • watery diarrhoea

- bloating

53
Q

Helminth infections associated with ______

A
  • eosinophillia

- worm infections

GI (36 decks)

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