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GI > Appendix and bowel > Flashcards

Appendix and bowel Flashcards

1
Q

What could be the causes of appendicitis?

A
  • faecolith (hard stool)
  • bacterial
  • viral
  • parasitic
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2
Q

Explain the pathology of appendicitis

A
  • mucosal inflammation
  • lymphoid hyperplasia
  • obstruction
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3
Q

What happens between the appendix and the greater omentum during appendicitis?

A
  • as the appendix swells it sticks to the greater omentum
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4
Q

What type of infection can occur if the appendix bursts?

A
  • peritonitis
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5
Q

What are the symptoms of appendicitis?

A
  • start of with central pain, then shifts to right ileac fossa
  • sore when the laugh/cough
  • gone off food
  • Rosving Sign
  • Psoas sign
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6
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of appendicitis?

A
  • mild pyrexia
  • mild tachycardia
  • localised right ileac fossa pain
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7
Q

What manouvers can be carried out to investigate appendicitis?

A
  • rebound- pressure applied, and then released quickly, pain will be felt when pressure removed
  • rosvings sign –> pressure applied to the left abdomin and pain felt in the right
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8
Q

What tests can be carried out to confirm appendicitis?

A
  • AXR
  • USS
  • Bloods
  • Urinalysis
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9
Q

Management of appendicitis?

A
  • pain relief
  • surgery
  • antibiotics
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10
Q

What are the symptoms of small bowel obstruction?

A
  • pain (Bowel dilates)
  • absolute constipation
  • vomiting
  • abdominal distension
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11
Q

What investigations should be done to test for small bowel obstruction?

A
  • urinalysis
  • bloods
  • AXR
  • Contrast CT scan of abdo
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12
Q

Treatment of a small bowel obstruction?

A
  • drip and suck
  • fluids with potassium
  • drain with NG tube
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13
Q

What may be some risk factors for small bowel obstruction?

A
  • post operative adhesions –> fibrous scar tissue
  • hernias
  • IBD
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14
Q

What is a complication of bowel obstruction?

A
  • may cause blood vessels to collapse
  • leads to ischaemia
  • necrosis and perforation
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15
Q

What is the pathophysiology of bowel obstruction?

A
  • any part of the GI tract
  • dilation of bowel proximal
  • peristalsis is disrupted
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16
Q

Explain the symptoms of upper small bowel obstruction?

A
  • acute presentation

- large volumes vomited

17
Q

Explain the symptoms of distal small bowel/large bowel obstruction?

A
  • colicky abdo pain and distension

- vominting

18
Q

When does vomiting occur in bowel obstruction?

A
  • the more proximal the obstruction the earlier vomiting develops
19
Q

What causes constipation during bowel obstruction?

A
  • propulsion of bowel contents is arrested
20
Q

What does chronic incomplete obstruction leads to?

A
  • gradual hypertrophy of the muscle of bowel wall proximally
  • peristaltic activity in this hypertrophic muscle is responsible for bouts of colicky pain
21
Q

Why do symptoms of large bowel obstruction develop more gradually?

A
  • due to the large capacity of the colon and caecum and their absorptive activity
22
Q

What may be the clinical observations of an intestinal obstruction?

A
  • dehydration
  • abdominal distension
  • visible peristalsis
  • obstructing abdominal mass may be palpable
23
Q

What is the management of intestinal obstruction?

A
  • nil by mouth
  • IV cannula and fluids
  • NG tube to decompress the stomach
24
Q

What are some causes of bowel obstruction?

A
  • adhesions or bands
  • incarcerated abdominal wall hernia
  • internal hernia
  • volvulus
  • tumout
  • inflammatory strictures
25
Q

Explain a volvulus?

A
  • a mobile loop of bowel rotates causing obstruction at its neck
26
Q

Explain intussusception

A
  • a segment of bowel wall becomes telescoped into the segment distal to it
27
Q

Explain Ogilvie’s syndrome

A
  • acute dilation of the colon in the absence of colonic instruction in acutely unwell patients

GI (36 decks)

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