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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the 3 pairs of jaw closing muscles?

A
  • masseter
  • temporalis
  • medial pterygoid
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2
Q

Name of the muscle responsible for opening the jaw?

A
  • lateral pterygoid

- (horizontal muscle)

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3
Q

opening the mouth is supplied by what nerve?

A
  • trigeminal nerve

- CN V3

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4
Q

What are the names of the 3 major salivary glands?

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
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5
Q

the CN V2 is a _______ nerve?

A
  • sensory

- trigeminal

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6
Q

The purpose of the gag reflex

A
  • protective reflex

- constrict the pharynx

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7
Q

Sensory part of the posterior oral cavity is supplied by what nerve?

A
  • CN IX
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8
Q

The motor part of the gag reflex is supplied by what nerve?

A
  • CN IX and CN X
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9
Q

The posterior part of the tongue can also be called the____

A
  • anterior wall of the oral pharynx
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10
Q

What are the functions able to be preformed by CN VII

A
  • Special sensory
  • sensory
  • motor
  • parasympathetic
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11
Q

Where does CN VII originate in the skull?

A
  • pontomedullary junction
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12
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the sublingual salivary gland?

A
  • CN VII
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13
Q

What gland does CN IX supply?

A
  • parotid gland
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14
Q

What nerve supplies the tongue muscles, except palatoglossus?

A
  • CN XII
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15
Q

Name of the muscle responsible for changing the shape of the tongue?

A
  • skeletal intrinsic muscle

- lies dorsally

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16
Q

Name of the oesophageal sphincter muscle and where is it located?

A
  • cricopharyngeus

- Located at C6

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17
Q

The oesophagus is a continuation of the _____

A
  • laryngoparynx
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18
Q

The oesophagus is a muscular tube

True/false

A
  • TRUE

- if nothing if going down it, it will be closed, walls collapse in on itself

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19
Q

To speed up the movement of the oesophagus what system is involved?

sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A
  • parasympathetic

- remember parasympathetic is rest and digest, digestion is promoted

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20
Q

The oesophagus is ____ to the trachea?

  • anterior or posterior?
A
  • posterior
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21
Q

Oesophagus goes through the diaphragm at what level?

A
  • T 10

- oesophagus (10 letters)

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22
Q

Inferior vena cava passes diaphragm at what level?

A
  • T8

- Vena cava (8 letters)

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23
Q

What is the line called between the oesophagus and the stomach?

A
  • Z line
  • or gastro-oesophagel junction
  • complete change in mucosa lining
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24
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejnum
  • ileum
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25
Q

What is the large intestine made up of?

A
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
  • anus
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26
Q

What are the 3 areas of the abdominal organs?

A
  • forgut
  • midgut
  • hindgut
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27
Q

What makes up the foregut?

A
  • oesophagus to mid-duodenum

- liver gallbladder spleen and 1/2 of pancreas

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28
Q

What makes up the midgut?

A
  • mid-duodenum, to proximal 2/3rd of transverse colon

- 1/2 of the pancreas

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29
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A
  • thin, transparent, semi-permeable serous membrane
  • secretes parietal
  • parietal peritoneum
  • visceral peritoneum
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30
Q

What does intraperitoneal mean?

A
  • fully wrapped in peritoneum
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31
Q

What does with a mesentery mean?

A
  • double layer of peritoneum
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32
Q

What does rectoperitoneal mean?

A
  • covered anterior
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33
Q

How are the intestines mobile?

A
  • due to the mesentery (double layer of peritoneum )
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34
Q

What Is the Greater omentum?

A
  • 4 layer fold

- there are blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics

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35
Q

Wha is the lesser omentum?

A
  • smaller than the greater omentum

- is its behind the stomach

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36
Q

What are the two peritoneum pouches in a female?

A
  • recto-uterine pouch

- vesico-uterine pouch

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37
Q

What is ascitic fluid and how do you treat?

A
  • excess fluid within the peritoneal cavity as a result of pathology
  • paracentesis
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38
Q

Irritated diaphragm where might the pain be referred?

A
  • the shoulders

- phrenic nerve supplies both areas

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39
Q

Where can sympathetic nerves leave the central nervous system?

A
  • T5 and L2

- except for the adrenal gland

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40
Q

What is different for the adrenal glands?

A
  • the sympathetic nerves synapse at the adrenal gland itself

- leave the central nervous system at T10-L1

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41
Q

What does the vagal nerve supply in the parasympathetic pathway? what then takes over?

A
  • from the brain to the distal end of the transverse colon

- the pelvic splanchnic nerve takes control past the colon

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42
Q

Pain in the epigastric region, what organs may be effected?

A
  • the foregut
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43
Q

Pain in the umbilical region, what organs may be effected?

A
  • midgut
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44
Q

Pain in the pubic region, what organs may be effected?

A
  • hindgut
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45
Q

Foregut organs pain will enter the spinal cord at what region?

A
  • T6-T9
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46
Q

Midgut organs pain will enter the spinal cord at what region?

A
  • T8-T12
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47
Q

Hindgut organs pain will enter the spinal cord at what region?

A
  • T10-L2
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48
Q

What is bilirubin?

A
  • normal by-product of the breakdown of red blood cells
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49
Q

Where does the breakdown of red blood cells occur?

A
  • spleen
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50
Q

What is bilirubin used for?

A
  • formation of bile

- in the liver

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51
Q

What is the gallbladders role in terms of bile?

A
  • storage and concentration of bile
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52
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A
  • excretes digestive enzymes into the 2nd part of the duodenum
  • necessary for the digestion of food
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53
Q

Where is the portal triad found?

A
  • free edge of the lesser omentum
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54
Q

What is the portal triad composed of?

A
  • hepatic artery
  • hepatic portal vein
  • common bile duct
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55
Q

What is the name of the first of the three midline branches of the abdominal aorta?

A
  • celiac trunk
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56
Q

What is the role of the celiac trunk?

A
  • supplies organs of the foregut
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57
Q

What are the 3 trifurcates of the celiac trunk?

A
  • splenic artery
  • hepatic artery
  • left gastric artery
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58
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A
  • within the haematological system

- breaks down red blood cells to produce bilirubin

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59
Q

What ribs protect the spleen?

A
  • ribs 9-11
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60
Q

What side of the stomach does the right and left gastric arteries run?

A
  • along the lesser curvature of the stomach
61
Q

What side of the stomach does the right and left gastro-omental arteries run?

A
  • along the greater curvature of the stomach
62
Q

What occurs in the liver?

A
  • conversion of bilirubin to bile
63
Q

What ribs protect the liver?

A
  • 7-11
64
Q

What are the names of the 2 clinically important peritoneal cavities?

A
  • Hepatorenal recess (Morison’s pouch) –> 1 of the lowest

- sub-phrenic recess

65
Q

What is the name of the neck of the gallbladder where bile flows out of?

A
  • cystic duct
66
Q

If there is inflammation in the gallbladder, where might pain be felt?

A
  • visceral afferents
  • early - epigastric region
  • hypochondrium
  • may have pain referral to the right shoulder
67
Q

What is the clinical appearance of jaundice and why?

A
  • yellowing of the sclera/skin
  • caused by increase in the blood levels of bilirubin
  • may be due to an obstruction of the biliary tree
68
Q

What does the central vein in the liver drain?

A
  • collects cleaned blood and drains into the hepatic veins
69
Q

The right and left hepatic ducts unite to form what?

A
  • common hepatic duct
70
Q

Common hepatic duct unites with the cystic duct to form what?

A
  • common bile duct
71
Q

The bile duct drains into what part of the duodenum?

A
  • 2nd part of the duodenum
72
Q

The bile duct unites with what before draining into the duodenum?

A
  • main pancreatic duct

- forms the ampulla of Vater

73
Q

Bile drains from what into the duodenum from the ampulla of Vater?

A
  • major duodenal papilla
74
Q

What sphincter is responsible for bile drainage into the duodenum?

A
  • sphincter of Oddi
75
Q

What are the consequences of an obstructed biliary tree?

A
  • back flow of bile into the liver
  • overspill into the blood
  • jaundice
76
Q

What are the regions of the pancreas?

A
  • head (‘c-shaped duodenum’)
  • neck
  • body
  • tail
77
Q

The pancreas is a _______ organ?

A
  • rectroperitoneal
78
Q

What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves of the pancreas?

A
  • s - abdominoplevic splanchnic nerve

- p- vagus nerve

79
Q

Where might pancreatic pain be felt?

A
  • epigastric / umbilical

- may radiate to the back

80
Q

What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?

A
  • superior
  • descending
  • horizontal
  • ascending
81
Q

What does the duodenum secrete?

A
  • peptide hormones

- gastrin , CCK

82
Q

Where does the ileum end?

A
  • ileocaecal junction
83
Q

How does the mucosa differ between the ileum and the jejunum?

A
  • jejunum (more folds)
  • ileum much smoother
  • jejunum more fat and thicker walled
84
Q

How are fats within chylomicrons absorbed?

A
  • absorbed from the intestinal cells into specialised lymphatic vessels
  • travel via lymphatic system and drain at left venous angle
85
Q

What are the 4 lymphatics of the abdomen?

A
  • celiac
  • superior mesenteric
  • inferior mesenteric
  • lumbar
86
Q

How many paracolic gutters are there? and what is their clinical importance?

A
  • there are 2 paracolic gutters

- they are important as they can collect pus during infection

87
Q

What is teniae coli?

A
  • 3 distinct longitudinal bands of thickened smooth muscle
88
Q

what lies more superiorly? the splenic flexure or hepatic flexure?

A
  • the splenic flexure lies more superiorly
89
Q

What is sigmoid volvulus and what can it lead to?

A
  • twitting of the sigmoid colon
  • can result in bowel obstruction and infarction
  • the sigmoid colon is highly mobile
90
Q

What are the 3 midline branches of the abdominal aorta?

A
  • celiac trunk
  • superior mesenteric artery
  • inferior mesenteric artery
91
Q

what is formed when the abdominal aorta bifrucates?

A
  • forms common iliacs
92
Q

What arterial anastomoses can help protect against intestinal ischaemia?

A
  • marginal artery of Drummond
93
Q

After the distal midpoint of anal canal, what is the arterial blood supply provided by?

A
  • internal iliac artery
94
Q

Define haematemesis

A
  • vomiting blood
95
Q

What may be the clinical appearance of portal hypertension?

A
  • oesophageal varices
  • caput medusae (dilated epigastric veins)
  • rectal varices
96
Q

What is faecal continence?

A
  • the control of the excretion of faeces
97
Q

What is faecal continence composed of?

A
  • holding area
  • visceral afferent nerves
  • muscle sphincters
  • cerebral function
98
Q

What may affect faecal continence?

A
  • neurological pathology
  • medications
  • age related degeneration
  • consistency of stool
99
Q

What is the name given to the pelvic floor muscle?

A
  • Levator Ani
100
Q

At what spinal level does the sigmoid colon become the rectum?

A
  • S3
101
Q

The rectal ampulla lies _____ to the levator and muscle?

A
  • superiorly
102
Q

What type of muscle is the levator ani?

A
  • skeletal
103
Q

What muscle is part of the levator and that works to decrease the anorectal angle>

A
  • puborectalis
104
Q

What are the names of the anal sphincters?

A
  • internal anal sphincter

- external anal sphincter

105
Q

Explain the internal anal sphincter?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • superior two thirds of anal canal
  • contraction stimulated by sympathetic nerves
106
Q

Explain the external anal sphincter?

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • inferior two thirds
  • contraction stimulated by the pudendal nerve
107
Q

What levels does the sympathetic nerves come out in rectum/anal canal?

A
  • T12-L2
108
Q

What levels does the parasympathetic nerves come out in the rectum/anal canal

A
  • s2-s4
109
Q

What may occur during labour?

A
  • fibres within the puborectalis or external anal sphincter may be torn
  • pudenal nerve may be stretched
110
Q

What does the pectinate line mark?

A
  • the junction between the endoderm and the ectoderm
111
Q

What nerve supply is above the pectinate line?

A
  • autonomic
112
Q

What nerve supply is below the pectinate line?

A
  • somatic

- pudendal

113
Q

Where does the internal iliac drain?

A
  • inferior pelvic structures
114
Q

Where does the external iliac drain?

A
  • lower limbs and superior pelvic structures
115
Q

Where does the common iliac drain?

A
  • drains lymph from the external and internal iliac nodes
116
Q

What is venous drainage above the pectinate line?

A
  • inferior mesenteric vein
117
Q

What is venous drainage below the pectinate line?

A
  • the internal iliac vein
118
Q

What is an ischioanal abscess?

A
  • infection within the ischioanal fossa
119
Q

Define herniation

A
  • any structure passing through another

- but ending up in the wrong place

120
Q

What 2 factors are required for a hernia to be formed?

A
  • structural weakness

- increased pressure

121
Q

What is structural weakness that may cause a hernia?

A
  • diaphragm
  • umbilicus
  • inguinal canal
  • femoral canal
  • surgical scars
122
Q

What increased pressures may cause a hernia?

A
  • chronic cough
  • pregnancy
  • staining during bowel movements
123
Q

Where anatomically is the inguinal region?

A
  • hip crease
124
Q

What is the linea alba?

A
  • mid line of the body
125
Q

What is the linea semilunaris?

A
  • separates the anterior and lateral abdomen.
126
Q

What is the order of the muscles from the external to the deep abdominal muscles?

A
  • external oblique muscle
  • internal oblique muscle
  • transversus abdominis muscle
127
Q

What is the lnguinal ligament?

A
  • boundary between the abdomen and the thigh

- inferior thickening of the external oblique muscle

128
Q

What lies above and below the inguinal ligament?

A
  • above = inguinal canal

- below = sublingual space

129
Q

What is the entrance and exit of the inguinal canal?

A
  • entrance = deep inguinal ring

- exit = superficial inguinal ring

130
Q

What does the inguinal canal contain?

A
  • spermatic cord
  • round ligament of uterus
  • blood and lymph vessels
    ilioinguinal nerve
131
Q

Where is the Hesselbach’s triangle locates?

A
  • posterior surface of anterior lateral abdominal wall
132
Q

What are the 3 sides of in inguinal triangle?

A
  • inguinal ligament
  • lateral border of rectus abdominis
  • inferior epigastric artery
133
Q

Explain a direct inguinal hernia

A
  • directly through the abdominal wall - weakness in the floor of inguinal canal
  • lies parallel to the spermatic cord
134
Q

Explain an indirect inguinal hernia?

A
  • uses inguinal canal and deep inguinal ring

- within the spermatic cord

135
Q

What is the name given to the anatomical weakness in which hernias may be found?

A
  • myopectineal orficie
136
Q

Types of hernias?

A
  • epigastric
  • umbilical
  • inguinal
  • femoral
  • lumbar
  • spigelian
137
Q

What are the 3 classifications of a hernia?

A
  • reducible
  • incarcerated / irreducible
  • strangulated
138
Q

Define a reducible hernia?

A
  • hernia can be easily pushed back into the abdomen
139
Q

Define a incarcerated or irreducible hernia?

A
  • when a hernia cannot be manipulated back to the abdomen
140
Q

Define a strangulated hernia?

A
  • vascular supply to the contents contained within the hernia is compromised, resulting in ischaemic and gangrenous tissue
141
Q

Explain an epigastric hernia?

A
  • fascial defect in the linea alba between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus
142
Q

What is a sphincter?

A
  • muscle completely encricles the lumen of the tract
143
Q

What is ERCP used for?

A
  • to investigate the pancreas and biliary tree
  • bile stones can be removed
  • endoscope place in oral cavity, and dye injected into major duodenal papilla
144
Q

Explain the journey of absorpbed fats in the small intestine

A
  • bile helps absorb
  • absorbed into intestinal cells then into specailised lympathic vessels - lacteals
  • carried in lymphatic circulation
  • drain into left venous angle
145
Q

What are lacteals?

A
  • specailsed lympathic vessels which fat drain into
146
Q

What is portal systemic anastomoses and where is it seen?

A
  • anastomoses between portal and systemic venous systems
  • oesophagus
  • umbilicus
  • rectum/anal canal
147
Q

What drains the superior aspect of the anal canal and inferior?

A
  • superior –> inferior mesenteric vein

- inferior –> internal ileac vein

148
Q

Where is caput medusae seen?

A
  • epigastric region

- dilation of collateral veins

149
Q

What are haemorrhoids?

A
  • prolapse of rectal venous plexus

- due to raised pressure, e.g. constipation, straining or pregnancy

GI (36 decks)

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