Microbes In Human Wellfare Flashcards
Micro-organisms such as Lactobacillus and others commonly called …………..grow in milk and convert it to curd
lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
Assertion:Conversion of milk to curd also helps in improving nutritional quality
Reason: It increases the vitamin B12
In our stomach too, the LAB play very beneficial role in checking disease-causing microbes.
True
Conversion of milk into curd is carried out by
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Milk to yogurt conversion is carried out by
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Statement 1: The dough, which is used for making foods such as dosa and idli is fermented by yeast
Statement 2: The puffed-up appearance of dough is due to the production of CO2 gas.
Statement 1 is incorrect and 2 is correct
The fermentation takes place by the bacteria and not yeasts
The dough, which is used for making bread, is fermented using……….
baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
‘Toddy’, a traditional drink of some parts of southern India is made by fermenting sap from……….
palms
Microbes are also used to ferment……./……./…….to make foods.
Fish
Soyabean
Bamboo-shoots
……….. is one of the oldest food items in which microbes were used
Cheese
The large holes in ‘Swiss cheese’ are due to production of a large amount of CO2 by a bacterium named………..
Propionibacterium sharmanii.
Soyabean can be fermented to obtain
(3) items
Tofu
Tempe
Sufu
Bacteria involved in fermentation for making idli and dosa are
List 2
Leuconostoc
Streptococcus
Roquefort cheese is obtained with help of fermentation by
Penicillium roqueforti.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae commonly called brewer’s yeast, is used for fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices, to produce……..
ethanol
Depending on two factors different types of alcoholic drinks are obtained
Raw material used for fermentation
The type of processing (with or without distillation)
Alcoholic drinks produced by distillation and without distillation
Distillation: Whiskey Brandy Rum
Non distillation: Wine Beer
Antibiotics produced by microbes are regarded as one of the most significant discoveries of the…………. century and have greatly contributed towards the welfare of the human society.
twentieth
………… was the first antibiotic to be discovered
Penicillin
……………. while working on…………. bacteria, once observed a mould growing in one of his unwashed culture plates around which the bacteria could not grow.
Alexander Fleming
Staphylococci
Penicillin was obtained from the mould………..
Penicillium notatum
The full potential of penicillin as an effective antibiotic was established much later by……….. & ………….
Ernest Chain and Howard Florey
Penicillin antibiotic was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War………
II
Fleming, Chain and Florey were awarded the Nobel Prize in……… for this discovery.
1945
Antibiotics have greatly improved our capacity to treat deadly diseases which used to kill millions all over the globe
Name 4 in NCERT
Plague: Yersinia pestis (bacteria)
Whooping cough (kali khansi): Bordetella pertussis (bacteria)
Diphtheria (gal ghotu): Corynebacterium diphtheriae (bacteria)
Leprosy (kusht rog): Mycobacterium leprae (bacteria)
Name antibiotics which work by disrupting the cell wall synthesis
(3)
Penicillin
Bacteriacin
Cephalosporin
Name antibiotics that work by disrupting the plasmalemma repair
(3)
Nystatin (anti fungal)
Polymixinn
Amphotrecin
Erythromycin inhibits protein synthesis by
binding to the 23S ribosomal RNA molecule within the 50S ribosomal subunit, disrupting the transpeptidation/translocation step and 50S subunit assembly
Name two antibiotics that work by disrupting the 30S ribosomes
Streptomycin
Neomycin
Tetracycline inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by
reversibly binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, preventing the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site,
Chloramphenicol inhibits microbial protein synthesis by
binding to the 50 S subunit of the 70 S ribosome
Thus inhibiting the action of peptidyl transferase and so preventing peptide bond formation
Name organisms in NCERT and the products obtained from them
Aspergillus niger (a fungus) of citric acid
Acetobacter aceti (a bacterium) of acetic acid
Clostridium butylicum (a bacterium) of butyric acid
Lactobacillus (a bacterium) of lactic acid
Lipases are used in detergent formulations and are helpful in removing oily stains from the laundry
These are obtained from
Candida
Geotrichum
Assertion: The bottled fruit juices bought from the market are clearer as compared to those made at home
Reason: The bottled juices are clarified by the use of pectinases and proteases
Streptokinase produced by the bacterium…………. and modified by genetic engineering is used as a ‘clot buster’ for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction leading to heart attack.
Streptococcus
A bioactive molecule, cyclosporin A, that is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ-transplant patients, is produced by the fungus……………
Trichoderma polysporum
Statins produced by the yeast …………….. have been commercialised as blood-cholesterol lowering agents
Monascus purpureus
It acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for synthesis of cholesterol.
Amylases are obtained from
(3) sources
Aspergilus
Bacillus
Rhizopus
A major component of this waste water is………
human excreta.
Statement 1: Treatment of waste water is done by the heterotrophic microbes naturally present in the sewage.
Statement 2: This treatment is carried out in two stages
Both are correct
Primary treatment involves physical removal of particles – large and small – from the sewage through……. & …………
filtration and sedimentation.
The physical removal in primary treatment is done in stages
Initial floating debris is removed by…………
Then the grit (soil and small pebbles) are removed by……….
sequential filtration.
sedimentation
Statement 1: All solids that settle form the primary sludge, and the supernatant forms the effluent.
Statement 2: The primary sludge from the primary settling tank is taken for secondary treatment.
Statement 1 is correct but 2 is incorrect
The effluent from the primary settling tank is taken for secondary treatment.
Secondary treatment is also called as………. Treatment
Biological treatment
Assertion: Primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated mechanically and air is pumped into it.
Reason: This allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into flocs
Define flocs
masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh like structures
Assertion: The BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the effluent is reduced significantly
Reason: While growing, these microbes consume the major part of the organic matter in the effluent
Define BOD
BOD refers to the amount of the oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic matter in one liter of water were oxidised by bacteria
Assertion: BOD is an indirect measure of the organic matter present in the water
Reason: The BOD test measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by micro-organisms in a sample of water
The greater the BOD of waste water, lesser is its polluting potential.
False
The greater the BOD of waste water, more is its polluting potential.
Once the BOD of sewage or waste water is reduced significantly, the effluent is then passed into a settling tank where the…….. are allowed to sediment
bacterial ‘flocs’
This sediment is called activated sludge.
Statement 1: The remaining major part of the sludge is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters.
Statement 2: Here, other kinds of bacteria, which grow anaerobically, digest the bacteria and the fungi in the sludge
Both are correct
During digestion in sludge digesters bacteria produce a mixture of gases such as (3) in NCERT
Methane
Hydrogen sulphide
Carbon dioxide
The Ministry of Environment and Forests has initiated…………. &……………. to save these major rivers of our country from pollution
Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan
Under these plans, it is proposed to build a large number of sewage treatment plants so that only treated sewage may be discharged in the rivers
Biogas is a mixture of gases containing predominantly…….
methane
The type of the gas produced depends upon
(2) factors
Microbes used
Organic substrates they utilise.
Statement 1: Bacteria which grow aerobically on cellulosic material, produce large amount of methane along with CO2 and H2.
Statement 2: These bacteria are collectively called methanogens, and one such common bacterium is Methanobacterium
Statement 1 is incorrect and 2 is correct
Bacteria which grow anaerobically on cellulosic material, produce large amount of methane along with CO2 and H2.
The biogas plant consists of a concrete tank ……….. feet deep in which bio-wastes are collected and a slurry of dung is fed. A
10-15 feet deep
A floating cover is placed over the slurry, which keeps on rising as the gas is produced in the tank due to the microbial activity
True
The technology of biogas production was developed in India mainly due to the efforts of two different organisations
Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)
Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC).
…………… refers to the use of biological methods for controlling plant diseases and pests
Biocontrol
Assertion: A key belief of the organic farmer is that biodiversity furthers health
Reason: The more variety a landscape has, the more sustainable it is
Assertion: The organic farmer holds the view that the eradication of the creatures that are often described as pests is not only possible, but also undesirable.
Reason: Without them the beneficial predatory and parasitic insects which depend upon them as food or hosts would not be able to survive
Ladybird (beetle with red and black markings) and Dragonflies are useful to get rid of
aphids and mosquitoes, respectively
In order to control butterfly caterpillars the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (often written as Bt) is used
True
These (Bt) are available in sachets as dried spores which are mixed with water and sprayed onto vulnerable plants such as………&………where these are eaten by the insect larvae.
brassicas and fruit trees
A biological control being developed for use in the treatment of plant disease is the fungus………….
Trichoderma
free-living fungi that are very common in the root ecosystems
They are effective biocontrol agents of several plant pathogens.
Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack……… and other………
insects
arthropods
The majority of baculoviruses used as biological control agents are in the genus………….
Nucleopolyhedrovirus
Nucleopolyhedroviruses are excellent candidates for species-specific………… spectrum insecticidal applications.
narrow
Nucleopolyhedrovirus have no negative impacts on plants, mammals, birds, fish or even on non-target insects
True
…………….. are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil
Biofertilisers
The main sources of biofertilisers are
(3) in ncert line
Bacteria
Fungi
Cyanobacteria
In leguminous plants the symbiotic association of…………. helps in fixing nitrogen
Rhizobium
IPM stands for
Integrated Pest Management
Free living Nitrogen fixing organisms
Azospirillum
Azotobacter
Many members of the genus………. form mycorrhiza
Glomus
The fungal symbiont in these associations absorbs…………… from soil and passes it to the plant
phosphorus
Plants having mycorrhiza associations show other benefits also, such as
(3) in NCERT
Resistance to root-borne pathogens
Tolerance to salinity and drought
Overall increase in plant growth and development
In………… fields, cyanobacteria serve as an important biofertiliser
paddy
During growth, the LAB produce acids that coagulate and completely digest the milk proteins
True or false
False
partially digest the milk proteins
