Chemical Cordination And Integration Flashcards by Dr Menaka Raut

The classical definition of hormone is

chemical produced by endocrine glands and released into the blood and transported to a distantly located target organ

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Current Scientific definition

Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts

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Father of endocrinology

Thomas Addison

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Hormones are usually used up during their regulatory action

True

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The endocrine glands and hormone producing diffused tissues/cells located in different parts of our body constitute the………. System

endocrine system

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Statement 1: hormones originating in the hypothalamic neurons, pass through axons and are released from their nerve endings.
Statement 2: These hormones reach the pituitary gland through a portal circulatory system and regulate the functions of the anterior pituitary.

Both are correct

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The……………pituitary is under the direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus

posterior

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The pituitary gland is located in a bony cavity called………..

sella tursica

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Adenohypophysis consists of two portions

pars distalis
pars intermedia.

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The pars distalis region of pituitary, commonly called anterior pituitary produces (6)

growth hormone (GH)
prolactin (PRL)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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Pars intermedia secretes only one hormone called………

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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In humans, the pars intermedia is almost merged with……..

pars distalis

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Neurohypophysis (pars nervosa) also known as posterior pituitary, synthesis and secretes two hormones called oxytocin and vasopressin
True or false

False
These are synthesised by hypothalamus and not the pituitary. After being transported axonally to neurohypophysis These are stored here and released on requirement

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Pituitary Dwarfism

GH deficiency from childhood
Stunted growth
Sexual immaturity

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Gigantism

Excess secretion of GH from early age
Large well proportioned body
If pituitary size increases then it may affect vision by affecting optic chiasma
Abnormal growth of body

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Acromegaly
5 points

Excess secretion of GH in adults especially in middle age
Result in severe disfigurement (especially face)
Hard to diagnose in the early stages
Often goes undetected for many years, until changes in external features become noticeable
May lead to serious complications, and premature death if unchecked

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An impairment affecting synthesis or release of ADH results in a diminished ability of the kidney to conserve water leading to water loss and dehydration.
This condition is known as

Diabetes Insipidus.

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Statement 1: The pineal gland is located on the ventral side of forebrain
Statement 2: Pineal secretes a hormone called melatonin.

Statement 1 is incorrect and 2 is correct
It is located on dorsal side of forebrain

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Melatonin functions

Regulation of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body
Help maintaining the normal rhythms of sleep-wake cycle, body temperature

Influences:
Metabolism
Pigmentation
Menstrual cycle
Defence capability (immunity)

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Statement 1: The thyroid gland is composed of two lobes which are located on either side of the trachea
Statement 2: Both the lobes are interconnected with a thin flap of muscle called isthmus.

Statement 1 is correct and 2 is incorrect
The two lobes are interconnected with a flap of Fiberous Connective Tissue and not muscle tissue

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Thyronines are secreted by ………… cells and Calcitonin is secreted by cells in………

Follicular cells of thyroid follicles

Parafollicular cells in stromal part

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Name two thyroid hormones

T4 Tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine)
T3 Triiodothyronine

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Functions of T3 and T4
7 functions

Regulate basal metabolic rate
Control metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
Support RBCs formation
Maintaining water and electrolyte balance
Regulate mental development: affect in mood disorders and demantia
Maintain body temperature by high heat production
Increase action of neurotransmitter like Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

Deficiency of……… in our diet results in hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland, commonly called……..

iodine

goitre

Cretanism 7 characteristics

Hypothyroidism during pregnancy Defective development and maturation of the growing baby Stunted growth Mental retardation Low IQ Abnormal skin Deaf mutism

In adult women, hypothyroidism may cause menstrual cycle to become irregular

True

Exopthalmic goitre or Graves’ Disease 5 characteristics

Form of hyperthyroidism Enlargement of the thyroid gland Protrusion of eyeballs Increased basal metabolic rate Weight loss

Hashimato’s disease

Autoimmune disorders Thyroid follicles are destroyed

In humans, four parathyroid glands are present on the front side of the thyroid gland, one pair each in the two lobes of the thyroid gland

False These are on back side of thyroid gland Protrusion

The parathyroid glands secrete a………….. hormone called parathyroid hormone

peptide

Effects of parathyroid hormone 6 regulatory functions

Inhibition of collagen synthesis @ osteoblasts Regulate phosphate and calcium ion balance Bone resorption @ osteoclasts Mobilise calcium from bone to blood Increase calcium absorption from intestine and nephrons Decrease phosphate absorption from nephrons

Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone can cause

Parathyroid tetany As low calcium levels in blood Increased excitability of neurons and muscle cells Cramps and convulsions Sustained contraction in areas like: face,larynx,hands and feet

Hyper secretion of parathyroid hormone causes Name 2 disorders

Oesteoporosis Kidney stones

The thymus gland is a lobular structure located between lungs behind sternum on the dorsal side of aorta True or false

False It is located on ventral side of aorta

Thymosins play a major role in the differentiation of………….. which provide cell-mediated immunity.

T-lymphocytes

Thymosins do not promote any production of antibodies to provide humoral immunity

False thymosins also promote production of antibodies to provide humoral immunity

Adrenal cortex is divided into 3 layers Outer to inner side

Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoid) Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoid) Zona reticularis (gonadocorticotropin)

Main glucocorticoid in our body is

Cortisol

Main mineralocorticoid in our body is

Aldosterone

Adrenal medulla is…….. in origin whereas cortex is ………… in origin

Medulla=Neuroectoderm: ectoderm that gives rise to CNS Cortex= Mesodarmal

State two Catecholamines and their 7 different effects

Adrenalin/ Epinephrine Noradrenaline/ Norepinephrine Increase alertness Increased heart rate Increased strength of contraction Increased breakdown of glycogen Pupillary dialation Piloerection Sweating

Conns syndrome

Hyper secretion of aldosterone High Na+ and low K+ in plasma High blood volume and blood pressure Polyurea

Cushing syndrome

Hyper secretion of Cortisol Increase blood sugar High Na+ and low K+ in plasma High BP Obesity Wasting of muscles in girdles and thighs

Addison’s disease

Causes; Hyposecretion of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid Destruction of adrenal cortex (tuberculosis) Low blood sugar High K+ and low Na+ in plasma Nausea Vomitting Dihrrhoea Bronze skin pigmentation Sever dehydration

Glucocorticoid functions

Stimulate gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and proteolysis Inhibit cellular uptake and utilisation of amino acids Maintain cardiovascular system and kidney function Particularly cortisol, produces anti-inflammatory reactions and suppresses the immune response Stimulate RBC production

Assertion: Aldosterone helps in the maintenance of electrolytes, body fluid volume, osmotic pressure and blood pressure Reason: Aldosterone acts mainly at the renal tubules and stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ and water and excretion of K+ and phosphate ions

Both are correct and correct explanation

There are about……….. million Islets of Langerhans in a normal human pancreas representing only………. % ofthe pancreatic tissue

1 to 2 million 1 to 2 per cent

Statement 1: Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to a complex disorder called diabetes mellitus. Statement 2: It is associated with loss of glucose through urine and formation of harmful compounds known as ketone bodies

Both are correct

Diabetic patients cannot be treated with insulin therapy. True or false

False Diabetic patients are successfully treated with insulin therapy.

Diabetes mellitus

Insulin deficiency High blood sugar and sugar is urine High blood cholesterol and ketone bodies Excess thirst, urination, eating

Diabetes insipidus

ADH deficiency Blood glucose normal and not appearing in urine No any abnormality in cholesterol or ketone bodies bodies as other type Dehydration Thirst Excess urination Diuresis

Type I and Type II Diabetes mellitus Insulin deficiency

Type I Insulin dependent Insulin not synthesised by ß cells Ketoacidosis common Sever insulin deficiency Sometimes caused due to destruction of ß cells (autoimmune condition) Type II Non insulin dependent Insulin though synthesised but not act as problem with the receptors Ketoacidosis is rare Relative insulin deficiency may be present Linked to lifestyle

Gastrin acts on the gastric glands and stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen

True

Secretin acts on the………….. and stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate ions

exocrine pancreas

CCK acts on both………… and………….. and stimulates the secretion of……… and …………. respectively

pancreas and gall bladder pancreatic enzymes and bile juice

……………. inhibits gastric secretion and motility

GIP ( gastric inhibitory peptide)

Statement 1: Several other non-endocrine tissues secrete hormones called growth factors. Statement 2: These factors are essential for the normal growth of tissues and their repairing/regeneration.

Both are correct