Chemical Cordination And Integration Flashcards
The classical definition of hormone is
chemical produced by endocrine glands and released into the blood and transported to a distantly located target organ
Current Scientific definition
Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts
Father of endocrinology
Thomas Addison
Hormones are usually used up during their regulatory action
True
The endocrine glands and hormone producing diffused tissues/cells located in different parts of our body constitute the………. System
endocrine system
Statement 1: hormones originating in the hypothalamic neurons, pass through axons and are released from their nerve endings.
Statement 2: These hormones reach the pituitary gland through a portal circulatory system and regulate the functions of the anterior pituitary.
Both are correct
The……………pituitary is under the direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus
posterior
The pituitary gland is located in a bony cavity called………..
sella tursica
Adenohypophysis consists of two portions
pars distalis
pars intermedia.
The pars distalis region of pituitary, commonly called anterior pituitary produces (6)
growth hormone (GH)
prolactin (PRL)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Pars intermedia secretes only one hormone called………
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
In humans, the pars intermedia is almost merged with……..
pars distalis
Neurohypophysis (pars nervosa) also known as posterior pituitary, synthesis and secretes two hormones called oxytocin and vasopressin
True or false
False
These are synthesised by hypothalamus and not the pituitary. After being transported axonally to neurohypophysis These are stored here and released on requirement
Pituitary Dwarfism
GH deficiency from childhood
Stunted growth
Sexual immaturity
Gigantism
Excess secretion of GH from early age
Large well proportioned body
If pituitary size increases then it may affect vision by affecting optic chiasma
Abnormal growth of body
Acromegaly
5 points
Excess secretion of GH in adults especially in middle age
Result in severe disfigurement (especially face)
Hard to diagnose in the early stages
Often goes undetected for many years, until changes in external features become noticeable
May lead to serious complications, and premature death if unchecked
An impairment affecting synthesis or release of ADH results in a diminished ability of the kidney to conserve water leading to water loss and dehydration.
This condition is known as
Diabetes Insipidus.
Statement 1: The pineal gland is located on the ventral side of forebrain
Statement 2: Pineal secretes a hormone called melatonin.
Statement 1 is incorrect and 2 is correct
It is located on dorsal side of forebrain
Melatonin functions
Regulation of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body
Help maintaining the normal rhythms of sleep-wake cycle, body temperature
Influences:
Metabolism
Pigmentation
Menstrual cycle
Defence capability (immunity)
Statement 1: The thyroid gland is composed of two lobes which are located on either side of the trachea
Statement 2: Both the lobes are interconnected with a thin flap of muscle called isthmus.
Statement 1 is correct and 2 is incorrect
The two lobes are interconnected with a flap of Fiberous Connective Tissue and not muscle tissue
Thyronines are secreted by ………… cells and Calcitonin is secreted by cells in………
Follicular cells of thyroid follicles
Parafollicular cells in stromal part
Name two thyroid hormones
T4 Tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine)
T3 Triiodothyronine
Functions of T3 and T4
7 functions
Regulate basal metabolic rate
Control metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
Support RBCs formation
Maintaining water and electrolyte balance
Regulate mental development: affect in mood disorders and demantia
Maintain body temperature by high heat production
Increase action of neurotransmitter like Adrenaline and Noradrenaline
Deficiency of……… in our diet results in hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland, commonly called……..
iodine
goitre
Cretanism
7 characteristics
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy
Defective development and maturation of the growing baby
Stunted growth
Mental retardation
Low IQ
Abnormal skin
Deaf mutism
In adult women, hypothyroidism may cause menstrual cycle to become irregular
True
Exopthalmic goitre or Graves’ Disease
5 characteristics
Form of hyperthyroidism
Enlargement of the thyroid gland
Protrusion of eyeballs
Increased basal metabolic rate
Weight loss
Hashimato’s disease
Autoimmune disorders
Thyroid follicles are destroyed
In humans, four parathyroid glands are present on the front side of the thyroid gland, one pair each in the two lobes of the thyroid gland
False
These are on back side of thyroid gland Protrusion
The parathyroid glands secrete a………….. hormone called parathyroid hormone
peptide
Effects of parathyroid hormone
6 regulatory functions
Inhibition of collagen synthesis @ osteoblasts
Regulate phosphate and calcium ion balance
Bone resorption @ osteoclasts
Mobilise calcium from bone to blood
Increase calcium absorption from intestine and nephrons
Decrease phosphate absorption from nephrons
Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone can cause
Parathyroid tetany
As low calcium levels in blood
Increased excitability of neurons and muscle cells
Cramps and convulsions
Sustained contraction in areas like: face,larynx,hands and feet
Hyper secretion of parathyroid hormone causes
Name 2 disorders
Oesteoporosis
Kidney stones
The thymus gland is a lobular structure located between lungs behind sternum on the dorsal side of aorta
True or false
False
It is located on ventral side of aorta
Thymosins play a major role in the differentiation of………….. which provide cell-mediated immunity.
T-lymphocytes
Thymosins do not promote any production of antibodies to provide humoral immunity
False
thymosins also promote production of antibodies to provide humoral immunity
Adrenal cortex is divided into 3 layers
Outer to inner side
Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoid)
Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoid)
Zona reticularis (gonadocorticotropin)
Main glucocorticoid in our body is
Cortisol
Main mineralocorticoid in our body is
Aldosterone
Adrenal medulla is…….. in origin whereas cortex is ………… in origin
Medulla=Neuroectoderm: ectoderm that gives rise to CNS
Cortex= Mesodarmal
State two Catecholamines and their 7 different effects
Adrenalin/ Epinephrine
Noradrenaline/ Norepinephrine
Increase alertness
Increased heart rate
Increased strength of contraction
Increased breakdown of glycogen
Pupillary dialation
Piloerection
Sweating
Conns syndrome
Hyper secretion of aldosterone
High Na+ and low K+ in plasma
High blood volume and blood pressure
Polyurea
Cushing syndrome
Hyper secretion of Cortisol
Increase blood sugar
High Na+ and low K+ in plasma
High BP
Obesity
Wasting of muscles in girdles and thighs
Addison’s disease
Causes; Hyposecretion of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid
Destruction of adrenal cortex (tuberculosis)
Low blood sugar
High K+ and low Na+ in plasma
Nausea
Vomitting
Dihrrhoea
Bronze skin pigmentation
Sever dehydration
Glucocorticoid functions
Stimulate gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and proteolysis
Inhibit cellular uptake and utilisation of amino acids
Maintain cardiovascular system and kidney function
Particularly cortisol, produces anti-inflammatory reactions and suppresses the immune response
Stimulate RBC production
Assertion: Aldosterone helps in the maintenance of electrolytes, body fluid volume, osmotic pressure and blood pressure
Reason: Aldosterone acts mainly at the renal tubules and stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ and water and excretion of K+ and phosphate ions
Both are correct and correct explanation
There are about……….. million Islets of Langerhans in a normal human pancreas representing only………. % ofthe pancreatic tissue
1 to 2 million
1 to 2 per cent
Statement 1: Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to a complex disorder called diabetes mellitus.
Statement 2: It is associated with loss of glucose through urine and formation of harmful compounds known as ketone bodies
Both are correct
Diabetic patients cannot be treated with insulin therapy.
True or false
False
Diabetic patients are successfully treated with insulin therapy.
Diabetes mellitus
Insulin deficiency
High blood sugar and sugar is urine
High blood cholesterol and ketone bodies
Excess thirst, urination, eating
Diabetes insipidus
ADH deficiency
Blood glucose normal and not appearing in urine
No any abnormality in cholesterol or ketone bodies bodies as other type
Dehydration
Thirst
Excess urination
Diuresis
Type I and Type II Diabetes mellitus Insulin deficiency
Type I
Insulin dependent
Insulin not synthesised by ß cells
Ketoacidosis common
Sever insulin deficiency
Sometimes caused due to destruction of ß cells (autoimmune condition)
Type II
Non insulin dependent
Insulin though synthesised but not act as problem with the receptors
Ketoacidosis is rare
Relative insulin deficiency may be present
Linked to lifestyle
Gastrin acts on the gastric glands and stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen
True
Secretin acts on the………….. and stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate ions
exocrine pancreas
CCK acts on both………… and………….. and stimulates the secretion of……… and …………. respectively
pancreas and gall bladder
pancreatic enzymes and bile juice
……………. inhibits gastric secretion and motility
GIP ( gastric inhibitory peptide)
Statement 1: Several other non-endocrine tissues secrete hormones called growth factors.
Statement 2: These factors are essential for the normal growth of tissues and their repairing/regeneration.
Both are correct
