Excretory Products And Their Elimination

Question 1

Statement 1: The process of excreting ammonia is Ammonotelism. Statement 2: Many bony fishes, aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are ammonotelic in nature

Answer 1

Both are correct

Question 2

Kidneys do not play any significant role in removal of………

Answer 2

Ammonia

Question 3

Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes mainly excrete urea and are called……..animals

Answer 3

ureotelic

Question 4

Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects excrete nitrogenous wastes as………in the form of pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water and are called……..animals.

Answer 4

uric acid

uricotelic

Question 5

……………. Or …………….. are the excretory structures in Platyhelminthes (Flatworms, e.g., Planaria), rotifers, some annelids and the cephalochordate – Amphioxus.

Answer 5

Protonephridia or flame cells

Question 6

……………… are primarily concerned with ionic and fluid volume regulation, i.e., osmoregulation.

Answer 6

Protonephridia

Question 7

………….. are the tubular excretory structures of earthworms and other annelids.

Answer 7

Nephridia

Question 8

Protonephridia help to remove nitrogenous wastes and maintain a fluid and ionic balance.
True or false

Answer 8

False
Nephridia

Question 9

In humans, the excretory system consists of 4 things

Answer 9

a pair of kidneys
one pair of ureters
a urinary bladder
a urethra

Question 10

Kidneys are situated between the levels of last thoracic and fourth lumbar vertebra close to the dorsal inner wall of the abdominal cavity.

Answer 10

False
T12 to L3

Question 11

Kidney dimensions

Answer 11

10-12 cm in length
5-7 cm in width
2-3 cm in thickness
average weight 120-170 g

Question 12

Each kidney has nearly two million complex tubular structures called nephrons

Answer 12

False
One million

Question 13

Glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries formed by the efferent arteriole – a fine branch of renal artery.
True or false

Answer 13

False
It’s from afferent arteriole

Question 14

Glomerulus alongwith Bowman’s capsule, is called the malpighian body or renal corpuscle
True or false

Answer 14

True

Question 15

In majority of nephrons, the loop of Henle is too short and extends only very little into the medulla. Such nephrons are called…….

Answer 15

cortical nephrons.

Question 16

In some of the nephrons, the loop of Henle is very long and runs deep into the medulla. These nephrons are called………..

Answer 16

juxta medullary nephrons.

Question 17

Statement 1: A minute vessel of this network runs parallel to the Henle’s loop forming a ‘U’ shaped vasa recta.
Statement 2: Vasa recta is absent or highly reduced in juxta medullary nephrons.

Answer 17

Statement 1 is correct and 2 is incorrect
It is highly reduced in cortical nephrons

Question 18

Statement 1: Urine formation involves three main processes.
Statement 2: These take place in different parts of the nephron.

Answer 18

Both are correct
glomerular filtration
reabsorption
secretion are three main processes

Question 19

Statement 1: On an average, 1100-1200 ml of blood is filtered by the kidneys per minute.
Statement 2: This constitute roughly 1/4th of the blood pumped out by each ventricle of the heart in a minute

Answer 19

Statement 1 is correct and 2 is incorrect
It constitutes nearly 1/5th of blood pumped by each ventricle

Question 20

The glomerular capillary blood pressure causes filtration of blood through 3 layers, name these layers

Answer 20

the endothelium of glomerular blood vessels
the epithelium of Bowman’s capsule
basement membrane between these two layers

Question 21

The epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule called……… are arranged in an intricate manner so as to leave some minute spaces called filtration slits or slit pores.

Answer 21

podocytes

Question 22

Assertion: Glomerular filtration is considered as a process of ultra filtration.
Reason: In glomerular filtration almost all the constituents of the plasma except the proteins pass onto the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule

Answer 22

Both are correct and correct explanation

Question 23

The amount of the filtrate formed by the kidneys per minute is called glomerular filtration rate (GFR). GFR in a healthy individual is approximately………………ml/min and ………… litres per day

Answer 23

125 ml/minute, i.e., 180 litres per day

Question 24

JGA is a special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications in the distal convoluted tubule and the efferent arteriole at the location of their contact.

Answer 24

False
Afferent arteriols

Question 25

A comparison of the volume of the filtrate formed per day (180 litres per day) with that of the urine released (1.5 litres), suggest that nearly……….per cent of the filtrate has to be reabsorbed by the renal tubules.

Answer 25

99

Question 26

Nearly all of the essential nutrients, and 70-80 per cent of electrolytes and water are reabsorbed by this segment. Which segment is this

Answer 26

Proximal convulated tubule

Question 27

PCT also helps to maintain the pH and ionic balance of the body fluids by selective secretion of………/………../………….. ions into the filtrate and by absorption of………..from it.

Answer 27

Hydrogen Ammonia Potassium ions HCO3–

Question 28

Statement 1: The ascending limb is impermeable to electrolytes but allows transport of water passively. Statement 2: The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to electrolytes but almost impermeable to water

Answer 28

Both statements are incorrect The ascending limb is impermeable to water but allows transport of electrolytes actively or passively. The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes

Question 29

Conditional reabsorption of Na+ and water takes place in this segment

Answer 29

Distal convoluted tubules

Question 30

DCT is also capable of reabsorption of…………and selective secretion of………./………./…………..to maintain the pH and sodium-potassium balance in blood.

Answer 30

HCO3– Hydrogen Potassium ions NH3

Question 31

Large amounts of water could be reabsorbed from this region to produce a concentrated urine.

Answer 31

Collecting duct

Question 32

It also plays a role in the maintenance of pH and ionic balance of blood by the selective secretion of……/…….ions

Answer 32

H+ and K+

Question 33

The flow of filtrate in the two limbs of Henle’s loop is in opposite directions and thus forms a………..

Answer 33

counter current

Question 34

The proximity between the Henle’s loop and vasa recta, as well as the counter current in them help in maintaining an increasing osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium, i.e., from………..in the cortex about…………… in the inner medulla

Answer 34

300 mOsmolL–1 1200 mOsmolL–1

Question 35

Human kidneys can produce urine nearly…….times concentrated than the initial filtrate formed.

Answer 35

four

Question 36

An increase in blood flow to the……..of the heart can cause the release of Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF

Answer 36

atria ANF can cause vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels) and thereby decrease the blood pressure.

Question 37

Urine formed by the nephrons is ultimately carried to the urinary bladder where it is stored till a voluntary signal is given by the central nervous system (CNS) True or false

Answer 37

True

Question 38

An adult human excretes, on an average, of……to……..urine per day

Answer 38

1 to 1.5 litres

Question 39

The urine formed is a light yellow coloured watery fluid which is slightly acidic with pH……… and has a characterestic odour

Answer 39

6

Question 40

On an average, …..to……gm of urea is excreted out per day

Answer 40

25-30 gm

Question 41

Presence of glucose (Glycosuria) and ketone bodies (Ketonuria) in urine are indicative of diabetes……..

Answer 41

mellitus

Question 42

Our lungs remove large amounts of CO2 approximately………… and also significant quantities of water every day

Answer 42

200mL/minute

Question 43

………… the largest gland in our body, secretes bile-containing substances like bilirubin, biliverdin, cholesterol, degraded steroid hormones, vitamins and drugs

Answer 43

Liver

Question 44

Sweat produced by the sweat glands is a watery fluid containing NaCl, small amounts of urea, lactic acid, etc.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Primary function of sweat is the removal of some of the wastes True or false

Answer 45

primary function of sweat is to facilitate a cooling effect on the body surface, it also helps in the removal of some of the wastes mentioned above

Question 46

…………. glands eliminate certain substances like sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum

Answer 46

Sebaceous

Question 47

There is no role of saliva in removal of waste True or false

Answer 47

False Small amounts of nitrogenous wastes could be eliminated through saliva

Question 48

Blood drained from a convenient artery is pumped into a dialysing unit after adding an anticoagulant like…….

Answer 48

heparin

Question 49

Stone or insoluble mass of crystallised salts (oxalates, etc.) formed within the kidney

Answer 49

Renal calculi

Question 50

Maintaining fluid and ionic balance refers to

Answer 50

Maintaining fluid and ionic balance refers to the regulation of water levels and the concentration of ions (like sodium, potassium, calcium) within body fluids. This process ensures that cells function properly, nerve impulses transmit correctly, and muscles contract efficiently.

Question 51

Osmoregulation refers to

Answer 51

Osmoregulation, specifically focuses on controlling the osmotic pressure of body fluids. It ensures that the concentration of solutes (like salts and other electrolytes) and water balance is maintained to prevent cells from shrinking or swelling excessively. fluid and ionic balance covers a broader range of functions, including maintaining proper ion levels and hydration, while osmoregulation is specifically about managing solute concentrations and water movement to maintain cellular stability.

Question 52

Vasa recta plays essential role in maintaining counter current mechanism by

Answer 52

Preserving the osmotic gradient in the medulla.