Excretory Products And Their Elimination Flashcards
Statement 1: The process of excreting ammonia is Ammonotelism. Statement 2: Many bony fishes, aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are ammonotelic in nature
Both are correct
Kidneys do not play any significant role in removal of………
Ammonia
Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes mainly excrete urea and are called……..animals
ureotelic
Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects excrete nitrogenous wastes as………in the form of pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water and are called……..animals.
uric acid
uricotelic
……………. Or …………….. are the excretory structures in Platyhelminthes (Flatworms, e.g., Planaria), rotifers, some annelids and the cephalochordate – Amphioxus.
Protonephridia or flame cells
……………… are primarily concerned with ionic and fluid volume regulation, i.e., osmoregulation.
Protonephridia
………….. are the tubular excretory structures of earthworms and other annelids.
Nephridia
Protonephridia help to remove nitrogenous wastes and maintain a fluid and ionic balance.
True or false
False
Nephridia
In humans, the excretory system consists of 4 things
a pair of kidneys
one pair of ureters
a urinary bladder
a urethra
Kidneys are situated between the levels of last thoracic and fourth lumbar vertebra close to the dorsal inner wall of the abdominal cavity.
False
T12 to L3
Kidney dimensions
10-12 cm in length
5-7 cm in width
2-3 cm in thickness
average weight 120-170 g
Each kidney has nearly two million complex tubular structures called nephrons
False
One million
Glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries formed by the efferent arteriole – a fine branch of renal artery.
True or false
False
It’s from afferent arteriole
Glomerulus alongwith Bowman’s capsule, is called the malpighian body or renal corpuscle
True or false
True
In majority of nephrons, the loop of Henle is too short and extends only very little into the medulla. Such nephrons are called…….
cortical nephrons.
In some of the nephrons, the loop of Henle is very long and runs deep into the medulla. These nephrons are called………..
juxta medullary nephrons.
Statement 1: A minute vessel of this network runs parallel to the Henle’s loop forming a ‘U’ shaped vasa recta.
Statement 2: Vasa recta is absent or highly reduced in juxta medullary nephrons.
Statement 1 is correct and 2 is incorrect
It is highly reduced in cortical nephrons
Statement 1: Urine formation involves three main processes.
Statement 2: These take place in different parts of the nephron.
Both are correct
glomerular filtration
reabsorption
secretion are three main processes
Statement 1: On an average, 1100-1200 ml of blood is filtered by the kidneys per minute.
Statement 2: This constitute roughly 1/4th of the blood pumped out by each ventricle of the heart in a minute
Statement 1 is correct and 2 is incorrect
It constitutes nearly 1/5th of blood pumped by each ventricle
The glomerular capillary blood pressure causes filtration of blood through 3 layers, name these layers
the endothelium of glomerular blood vessels
the epithelium of Bowman’s capsule
basement membrane between these two layers
The epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule called……… are arranged in an intricate manner so as to leave some minute spaces called filtration slits or slit pores.
podocytes
Assertion: Glomerular filtration is considered as a process of ultra filtration.
Reason: In glomerular filtration almost all the constituents of the plasma except the proteins pass onto the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule
Both are correct and correct explanation
The amount of the filtrate formed by the kidneys per minute is called glomerular filtration rate (GFR). GFR in a healthy individual is approximately………………ml/min and ………… litres per day
125 ml/minute, i.e., 180 litres per day
JGA is a special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications in the distal convoluted tubule and the efferent arteriole at the location of their contact.
False
Afferent arteriols
A comparison of the volume of the filtrate formed per day (180 litres per day) with that of the urine released (1.5 litres), suggest that nearly……….per cent of the filtrate has to be reabsorbed by the renal tubules.
99
Nearly all of the essential nutrients, and 70-80 per cent of electrolytes and water are reabsorbed by this segment.
Which segment is this
Proximal convulated tubule
PCT also helps to maintain the pH and ionic balance of the body fluids by selective secretion of………/………../………….. ions into the filtrate and by absorption of………..from it.
Hydrogen
Ammonia
Potassium ions
HCO3–
Statement 1: The ascending limb is impermeable to electrolytes but allows transport of water passively.
Statement 2: The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to electrolytes but almost impermeable to water
Both statements are incorrect
The ascending limb is impermeable to water but allows transport of electrolytes actively or passively.
The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes
Conditional reabsorption of Na+ and water takes place in this segment
Distal convoluted tubules
DCT is also capable of reabsorption of…………and selective secretion of………./………./…………..to maintain the pH and sodium-potassium balance in blood.
HCO3–
Hydrogen
Potassium ions
NH3
Large amounts of water could be reabsorbed from this region to produce a concentrated urine.
Collecting duct
It also plays a role in the maintenance of pH and ionic balance of blood by the selective secretion of……/…….ions
H+ and K+
The flow of filtrate in the two limbs of Henle’s loop is in opposite directions and thus forms a………..
counter current
The proximity between the Henle’s loop and vasa recta, as well as the counter current in them help in maintaining an increasing osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium, i.e., from………..in the cortex about…………… in the inner medulla
300 mOsmolL–1
1200 mOsmolL–1
Human kidneys can produce urine nearly…….times concentrated than the initial filtrate formed.
four
An increase in blood flow to the……..of the heart can cause the release of Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF
atria
ANF can cause vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels) and thereby decrease the blood pressure.
Urine formed by the nephrons is ultimately carried to the urinary bladder where it is stored till a voluntary signal is given by the central nervous system (CNS)
True or false
True
An adult human excretes, on an average, of……to……..urine per day
1 to 1.5 litres
The urine formed is a light yellow coloured watery fluid which is slightly acidic with pH……… and has a characterestic odour
6
On an average, …..to……gm of urea is excreted out per day
25-30 gm
Presence of glucose (Glycosuria) and ketone bodies (Ketonuria) in urine are indicative of diabetes……..
mellitus
Our lungs remove large amounts of CO2 approximately………… and also significant quantities of water every day
200mL/minute
………… the largest gland in our body, secretes bile-containing substances like bilirubin, biliverdin, cholesterol, degraded steroid hormones, vitamins and drugs
Liver
Sweat produced by the sweat glands is a watery fluid containing NaCl, small amounts of urea, lactic acid, etc.
True
Primary function of sweat is the removal of some of the wastes
True or false
primary function of sweat is to facilitate a cooling effect on the body surface, it also helps in the removal of some of the wastes mentioned above
…………. glands eliminate certain substances like sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum
Sebaceous
There is no role of saliva in removal of waste
True or false
False
Small amounts of nitrogenous wastes could be eliminated through saliva
Blood drained from a convenient artery is pumped into a dialysing unit after adding an anticoagulant like…….
heparin
Stone or insoluble mass of crystallised salts (oxalates, etc.) formed within the kidney
Renal calculi
Maintaining fluid and ionic balance refers to
Maintaining fluid and ionic balance refers to the regulation of water levels and the concentration of ions (like sodium, potassium, calcium) within body fluids. This process ensures that cells function properly, nerve impulses transmit correctly, and muscles contract efficiently.
Osmoregulation refers to
Osmoregulation, specifically focuses on controlling the osmotic pressure of body fluids. It ensures that the concentration of solutes (like salts and other electrolytes) and water balance is maintained to prevent cells from shrinking or swelling excessively.
fluid and ionic balance covers a broader range of functions, including maintaining proper ion levels and hydration, while osmoregulation is specifically about managing solute concentrations and water movement to maintain cellular stability.
