Locomotion And Movement

Question 1

Locomotory structures are different from those affecting other types of movements.

Answer 1

False
Locomotory structures need not be different from those affecting other types of movements.

Question 2

All locomotions are movements but all movements are not locomotions.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Methods of locomotion performed by animals vary with

Answer 3

their habitats

demand of the situation

Question 4

Locomotion is generally for search of………………. or to escape from…….

Answer 4

food, shelter, mate, suitable breeding grounds, favourable climatic conditions

enemies/predators

Question 5

Cells of the human body exhibit three main types of movements, namely,

Answer 5

amoeboid
ciliary
Muscular

Question 6

Some specialised cells in our body like macrophages and leucocytes in blood exhibit amoeboid movement. It is effected by pseudopodia formed by the streaming of ………..

Answer 6

Protoplasm

Question 7

Cytoskeletal elements like microfilaments are never involved in amoeboid movement.

Answer 7

False
Cytoskeletal elements like microfilaments are also involved in amoeboid movement.

Question 8

Locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of ( 3 systems)

Answer 8

muscular
skeletal
neural system

Question 9

About……….per cent of the body weight of a human adult is contributed by muscles.

Answer 9

40-50

Question 10

Muscles have special properties like( 4 properties)

Answer 10

excitability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity.

Question 11

They are involuntary in nature as the nervous system does not control their activities directly.

Answer 11

Cardiac muscle

Question 12

Covering of muscle is called as

Answer 12

Epimysium
It is dense irregular connective tissue

Question 13

Covering of bundle of muscle fibres ie covering of fascicle is

Answer 13

Perimysium aka fascia
Collagenous connective tissue layer

Question 14

Covering of a single muscle fibre is

Answer 14

Endomysium

Question 15

Assertion: Muscle fibre is syncitium

Answer 15

Reason: There are multiple nuclei in sarcoplasm

Question 16

A characteristic feature of the muscle fibre is the presence of a large number of parallelly arranged filaments in the sarcoplasm called……..

Answer 16

myofilaments or myofibrils

Question 17

The light bands contain actin and is called………../………..

Answer 17

I-band or Isotropic band

Question 18

Dark band called ‘A’ or Anisotropic band contains………

Answer 18

myosin

Question 19

In the centre of each ‘I’ band is an…………. fibre called ‘Z’ line which bisects it

Answer 19

elastic fibre
It marks boundaries of sarcomere

Question 20

The thick filaments in the
‘A’ band are also held together in the middle of this band by a………….. called ‘M’ line.

Answer 20

thin fibrous membrane

Question 21

The portion of the myofibril between two successive ‘Z’ lines is considered as the functional unit of contraction and is called a……….

Answer 21

sarcomere

Question 21

This central part of thick filament, not overlapped by thin filaments is called the ………..

Answer 21

‘H’ zone.

Question 22

Statement 1: Each actin (thin) filament is made of two ‘F’ (filamentous) actins helically wound to each other.
Statement 2: Each ‘F’ actin is a polymer of monomeric ‘G’ (Globular) actins

Answer 22

Both are correct

Question 23

Two filaments of another protein, tropomyosin also run close to the ‘F’ actins throughout its length.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Troponin is irregularly distributed on the tropomyosin

Answer 24

False Troponin is distributed at regular intervals on the tropomyosin.

Question 25

In the resting state a subunit of troponin masks the active binding sites for myosin on the actin filaments

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Myosin (thick) filament is not a polymerised protein

Answer 26

False Many monomeric proteins called Meromyosins constitute one thick filament

Question 27

Each meromyosin has two important parts, a globular head with a short arm and a tail

Answer 27

Head and short arm=the heavy meromyosin (HMM) The tail= the light meromyosin (LMM).

Question 28

Functional unit of muscle cell

Answer 28

Sarcomere

Question 29

Structural unit of muscle cell is

Answer 29

Myofilaments

Question 30

Units of muscle/muscle cell/ muscle fibres

Answer 30

Myocytes

Question 31

The globular head is an active ATPase enzyme and has active sites for ATP and binding sites for actin

Answer 31

False The globular head is an active ATPase enzyme and has binding sites for ATP and active sites for actin

Question 32

Contraction of a muscle fibre takes place by the sliding of the thick filaments over the thin filaments

Answer 32

False contraction of a muscle fibre takes place by the sliding of the thin filaments over the thick filaments

Question 33

Statement 1: Muscle contraction is initiated by a signal sent by the central nervous system (CNS) via a motor neuron. Statement 2: A motor neuron alongwith the muscle fibres connected to it constitute a motor unit

Answer 33

Both are correct

Question 34

The junction between a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre is called the…../……..

Answer 34

neuromuscular junction or motor-end plate

Question 35

Differentiate between motor end plate and motor unit

Answer 35

Motor end plate: Junction between one neuron and one muscle cell Motor unit: Junction between one neuron and multiple muscle cells

Question 36

Increase in Ca++ level leads to the binding of calcium with a subunit of……….. on actin filaments and thereby remove the masking of active sites for………

Answer 36

troponin myosin

Question 37

The ‘Z’ line attached to these actins are also pulled inwards thereby causing a shortening of the sarcomere this we call as

Answer 37

Contraction

Question 38

During contraction the length of I band gets………. And A band…………

Answer 38

Reduced Retain the length of

Question 39

The reaction time of the fibres can vary in different muscles

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Assertion: Red fibre muscles can also be called aerobic muscles

Answer 40

Reason: These muscles also contain plenty of mitochondria which can utilise the large amount of oxygen stored in them for ATP production

Question 41

State some characteristics of red muscles (6)

Answer 41

High amount of myoglobin and mitochondria Less sarcoplasmic reticulum Low calcium levels High contraction frequency Slow contraction Contract for longer period without easy fatigue Eg: Extensor muscles of back Flight muscles of migratory birds Leg muscles of hen

Question 42

State some characteristics of white muscles

Answer 42

Depend on anaerobic process for energy Low myoglobin and mitochondria High sarcoplasmic reticulum High calcium levels High frequency of contraction Small time of endurance Easy fatigue Examples: Eyeball Iris Flight bird of sparrow

Question 43

Statement 1: Pectoral and Pelvic girdle bones help in the articulation of the upper and the lower limbs respectively with the axial skeleton. Statement 2: Each girdle is formed of two halves

Answer 43

Both are correct

Question 44

Scapula is a large………… flat bone situated in the dorsal part of the thorax between the……….and the………….. ribs.

Answer 44

triangular second seventh

Question 45

The dorsal, flat, triangular body of scapula has a slightly elevated ridge called the spine which projects as a flat, expanded process called the…………

Answer 45

acromion

Question 46

The clavicle articulates with………..

Answer 46

Acromion cavity

Question 47

Below the acromion is a depression called the………..cavity which articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint

Answer 47

glenoid

Question 48

Statement 1: Each clavicle is a long slender bone with two curvatures. Statement 2: This bone is commonly called the collar bone.

Answer 48

Both are correct

Question 49

Pelvic girdle consists of two…………bones

Answer 49

coxal

Question 50

Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of three bones

Answer 50

ilium ischium pubis

Question 51

Fiberous joint is shown by the flat skull bones which fuse end-to-end with the help of………………. in the form of sutures, to form the cranium

Answer 51

dense fibrous connective tissues

Question 52

The joint between the adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column is of this pattern and it permits limited movements

Answer 52

Cartilaginous joint

Question 53

………….. are characterised by the presence of a fluid filled synovial cavity between the articulating surfaces of the two bones

Answer 53

Synovial joints

Question 54

State locations of following joints Ball and socket joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Gliding joint Saddle joint

Answer 54

Ball and socket joint=between humerus and pectoral girdle Hinge joint=knee joint Pivot joint= between atlas and axis Gliding joint= between the carpals Saddle joint= between carpal and metacarpal of thumb

Question 55

Unit to compound structures from smallest unit to next levels

Answer 55

Myofilaments Myofibrils Muscle fibre/cell Fascicle (muscle bundle)