Locomotion And Movement Flashcards
Locomotory structures are different from those affecting other types of movements.
False
Locomotory structures need not be different from those affecting other types of movements.
All locomotions are movements but all movements are not locomotions.
True
Methods of locomotion performed by animals vary with
their habitats
demand of the situation
Locomotion is generally for search of………………. or to escape from…….
food, shelter, mate, suitable breeding grounds, favourable climatic conditions
enemies/predators
Cells of the human body exhibit three main types of movements, namely,
amoeboid
ciliary
Muscular
Some specialised cells in our body like macrophages and leucocytes in blood exhibit amoeboid movement. It is effected by pseudopodia formed by the streaming of ………..
Protoplasm
Cytoskeletal elements like microfilaments are never involved in amoeboid movement.
False
Cytoskeletal elements like microfilaments are also involved in amoeboid movement.
Locomotion requires a perfect coordinated activity of ( 3 systems)
muscular
skeletal
neural system
About……….per cent of the body weight of a human adult is contributed by muscles.
40-50
Muscles have special properties like( 4 properties)
excitability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity.
They are involuntary in nature as the nervous system does not control their activities directly.
Cardiac muscle
Covering of muscle is called as
Epimysium
It is dense irregular connective tissue
Covering of bundle of muscle fibres ie covering of fascicle is
Perimysium aka fascia
Collagenous connective tissue layer
Covering of a single muscle fibre is
Endomysium
Assertion: Muscle fibre is syncitium
Reason: There are multiple nuclei in sarcoplasm
A characteristic feature of the muscle fibre is the presence of a large number of parallelly arranged filaments in the sarcoplasm called……..
myofilaments or myofibrils
The light bands contain actin and is called………../………..
I-band or Isotropic band
Dark band called ‘A’ or Anisotropic band contains………
myosin
In the centre of each ‘I’ band is an…………. fibre called ‘Z’ line which bisects it
elastic fibre
It marks boundaries of sarcomere
The thick filaments in the
‘A’ band are also held together in the middle of this band by a………….. called ‘M’ line.
thin fibrous membrane
The portion of the myofibril between two successive ‘Z’ lines is considered as the functional unit of contraction and is called a……….
sarcomere
This central part of thick filament, not overlapped by thin filaments is called the ………..
‘H’ zone.
Statement 1: Each actin (thin) filament is made of two ‘F’ (filamentous) actins helically wound to each other.
Statement 2: Each ‘F’ actin is a polymer of monomeric ‘G’ (Globular) actins
Both are correct
Two filaments of another protein, tropomyosin also run close to the ‘F’ actins throughout its length.
True
Troponin is irregularly distributed on the tropomyosin
False
Troponin is distributed at regular intervals on the tropomyosin.
In the resting state a subunit of troponin masks the active binding sites for myosin on the actin filaments
True
Myosin (thick) filament is not a polymerised protein
False
Many monomeric proteins called Meromyosins constitute one thick filament
Each meromyosin has two important parts, a globular head with a short arm and a tail
Head and short arm=the heavy meromyosin (HMM)
The tail= the light meromyosin (LMM).
Functional unit of muscle cell
Sarcomere
Structural unit of muscle cell is
Myofilaments
Units of muscle/muscle cell/ muscle fibres
Myocytes
The globular head is an active ATPase enzyme and has active sites for ATP and binding sites for actin
False
The globular head is an active ATPase enzyme and has binding sites for ATP and active sites for actin
Contraction of a muscle fibre takes place by the sliding of the thick filaments over the thin filaments
False
contraction of a muscle fibre takes place by the sliding of the thin filaments over the thick filaments
Statement 1: Muscle contraction is initiated by a signal sent by the central nervous system (CNS) via a motor neuron.
Statement 2: A motor neuron alongwith the muscle fibres connected to it constitute a motor unit
Both are correct
The junction between a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre is called the…../……..
neuromuscular junction or motor-end plate
Differentiate between motor end plate and motor unit
Motor end plate: Junction between one neuron and one muscle cell
Motor unit: Junction between one neuron and multiple muscle cells
Increase in Ca++ level leads to the binding of calcium with a subunit of……….. on actin filaments and thereby remove the masking of active sites for………
troponin
myosin
The ‘Z’ line attached to these actins are also pulled inwards thereby causing a shortening of the sarcomere this we call as
Contraction
During contraction the length of I band gets………. And A band…………
Reduced
Retain the length of
The reaction time of the fibres can vary in different muscles
True
Assertion: Red fibre muscles can also be called aerobic muscles
Reason: These muscles also contain plenty of mitochondria which can utilise the large amount of oxygen stored in them for ATP production
State some characteristics of red muscles
(6)
High amount of myoglobin and mitochondria
Less sarcoplasmic reticulum
Low calcium levels
High contraction frequency
Slow contraction
Contract for longer period without easy fatigue
Eg: Extensor muscles of back
Flight muscles of migratory birds
Leg muscles of hen
State some characteristics of white muscles
Depend on anaerobic process for energy
Low myoglobin and mitochondria
High sarcoplasmic reticulum
High calcium levels
High frequency of contraction
Small time of endurance
Easy fatigue
Examples: Eyeball
Iris
Flight bird of sparrow
Statement 1: Pectoral and Pelvic girdle bones help in the articulation of the upper and the lower limbs respectively with the axial skeleton.
Statement 2: Each girdle is formed of two halves
Both are correct
Scapula is a large………… flat bone situated in the dorsal part of the thorax between the……….and the………….. ribs.
triangular
second
seventh
The dorsal, flat, triangular body of scapula has a slightly elevated ridge called the spine which projects as a flat, expanded process called the…………
acromion
The clavicle articulates with………..
Acromion cavity
Below the acromion is a depression called the………..cavity which articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint
glenoid
Statement 1: Each clavicle is a long slender bone with two curvatures. Statement 2: This bone is commonly called the collar bone.
Both are correct
Pelvic girdle consists of two…………bones
coxal
Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of three bones
ilium
ischium
pubis
Fiberous joint is shown by the flat skull bones which fuse end-to-end with the help of………………. in the form of sutures, to form the cranium
dense fibrous connective tissues
The joint between the adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column is of this pattern and it permits limited movements
Cartilaginous joint
………….. are characterised by the presence of a fluid filled synovial cavity between the articulating surfaces of the two bones
Synovial joints
State locations of following joints
Ball and socket joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Gliding joint
Saddle joint
Ball and socket joint=between humerus and pectoral girdle
Hinge joint=knee joint
Pivot joint= between atlas and axis
Gliding joint= between the carpals
Saddle joint= between carpal and metacarpal of thumb
Unit to compound structures from smallest unit to next levels
Myofilaments
Myofibrils
Muscle fibre/cell
Fascicle (muscle bundle)
