Breathing And Exchange Of Gases

Question 1

Glottis can be covered by a thin ………. Cartilaginous flap called ………..

Answer 1

Elastic. Epiglottis
It prevents entry of food into larynx

Question 2

Trachea extends up to ………… cavity and divides into two……….. bronchi at level of ……….

Answer 2

Mid thoracic Primary T5

Question 3

3 characteristics of alveoli

Answer 3

Thin irregular walled and vascularised bag like structure

Question 4

Branching network of…………….comprise the lungs

Answer 4

bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

Question 5

The part starting with the……..up to the………..constitute the conducting part

Answer 5

external nostrils terminal bronchioles

Question 6

We can’t directly alter the ……… volume

Answer 6

Pulmonary

Question 7

contraction of………..inter-costal muscles lifts up the ribs and the sternum

Answer 7

external

Question 8

A healthy human breathes

Answer 8

12-16 times/minute

Question 9

Expiratory Capacity (EC): Total volume of air a person can ………after a normal………

Answer 9

expire. inspiration
TV + ERV

Question 10

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Volume of air that will remain in the lungs after a normal……….. This includes………

Answer 10

expiration. ERV+RV

Question 11

Vital Capacity (VC): The maximum volume of air a person can breathe……….after a forced………..

Answer 11

in.
Expiration
TLC- RV

Question 12

Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced……..

Answer 12

inspiration

Question 13

O2 and CO2 are exchanged in these sites by……….mainly based on……………..gradient.

Answer 13

simple diffusion
pressure/concentration

Question 14

solubility of CO2 is……….times ……….than that of O2,

Answer 14

20-25
higher

Question 15

Assertion; Amount of CO2 that can diffuse through the diffusion membrane per unit difference in partial pressure is much higher compared to that of O2

Answer 15

Reason; Solubility of CO2 is 20-25 times higher than that of O2

Question 16

Diffusion membrane is made up of three…….layers thin………of alveoli, the……….of alveolar capillaries and the basement substance

Answer 16

major

squamous epithelium

endothelium

Question 17

O2 can bind with haemoglobin in a……..manner to form……..

Answer 17

reversible

oxyhaemoglobin

Question 18

Each haemoglobin molecule can carry

Answer 18

four molecules of O2

Question 19

A ………… is obtained when percentage saturation of haemoglobin with O2 is plotted against the pO2

Answer 19

sigmoid curve

Question 20

Every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver around ………..of O2 to the tissues under………physiological conditions.

Answer 20

5 ml
Normal

Question 21

pO2 is a major factor which could affect this binding off CO2 with Haemoglobin

Answer 21

True

Question 22

………….contain a ………….concentration of the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase and minute quantities of the same is present in the ………….

Answer 22

RBCs
very high.
plasma

Question 23

100 ml of deoxygenated blood delivers approximately………..of CO2 to the alveoli.

Answer 23

4 ml

Question 24

Specialised centre present in the……………region of the brain called………….is primarily responsible for regulation

Answer 24

medulla.
respiratory rhythm centre

Question 25

Another centre at……..region of the brain called………can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre

Answer 25

pons Pneumotaxic centre Neural signal from this centre can reduce the duration of inspiration and thus alter respiratory rate

Question 26

Chemosensitive area is situated adjacent to……….which is highly sensitive to………..ions.

Answer 26

rhythm centre CO2 and hydrogen Stimulates respiratory rhythm centre to increase breathing rate or deeper breathing

Question 27

The role of oxygen in the regulation of respiratory rhythm is quite insignificant True or false

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Asthma is a difficulty in breathing not accompanied by wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi only. Rewrite the statement in correct fact

Answer 28

Asthma is a difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles.

Question 29

Emphysema is acute disorder True or false

Answer 29

False Chronic disorder

Question 30

Formation of carbaheamoglobin is primarily related to the pO2 TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 30

False It is primarily related to the partial pressure of the carbon dioxide

Question 31

Trachea is surrounded by by 16 to 20 incomplete and c shaped rings of

Answer 31

Hyaline cartilage

Question 32

Lungs do not collapse between breaths and some air always remains in the lungs which can never be expelled because

Answer 32

there is a negative intrapleural pressure pulling at the lung walls

Question 33

Breathing air path

Answer 33

Nostrils—>nasal passage—>nasal chamber—>pharynx—>larynx—>trachea

Question 34

P50 level in oxygen dissociation curve

Answer 34

27 to 30mmHg Max saturation that can happen is 97%

Question 35

Oxygen transport status

Answer 35

97% as oxyhaemoglobin in RBCs 3% dissolved state in plasma

Question 36

Carbon dioxide transport status

Answer 36

20 to 25% (23%) as carbamino Haemoglobin 77% through plasma in different ways 70% as HCO3- or bicarbonate ions 7% dissolved in plasma

Question 37

The carbon dioxide that is carried by RBCs as carbaminohaemoglobin is bound to protein part or iron in RBCs

Answer 37

It is bound to the protein part

Question 38

What does 2-3 DPG cause to oxygen dissociation curve

Answer 38

It makes the curve shift to right Affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen is decreased It binds to deoxyhaemoglobin (T state- tense state of Hb) and stabilise it thus making oxygen release easier and prevent Hb from going into R state (relaxed state) where thus preventing binding. T and R states are conformation of Hb In response to HYPOXIA (at high altitudes or chronic lung disease) 2-3 DGP ie 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is released in body which ensures more oxygen dissociates and is released into tissues

Question 39

What is hypoxia

Answer 39

Deficiency of oxygen in the tissues of body

Question 40

Oxidised haemoglobin refers to

Answer 40

Methemoglobin (MetHb) In it Fe2+ is oxidised to Fe3+ it cannot bind to oxygen It has very low affinity to oxygen

Question 41

Pneumoconiosis is a type of ………

Answer 41

Occupational lung disease