Body Fluids Flashcards
Blood is a special connective tissue consisting of a……/……/……
fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements.
Plasma is a straw coloured, viscous fluid constituting nearly …….per cent of the blood.
55
…….per cent of plasma is water and proteins contribute……. per cent of it
90-92
6-8
……/……/……are the major proteins.
Fibrinogen, globulins and albumins
Plasma also contains small amounts of minerals like……/……./……/……/……
Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3–, Cl–, etc
Plasma without the clotting factors is called………
serum
healthy adult has, on an average…………….of RBCs mm–3 of blood
5 millions to 5.5 millions
healthy individual has…….of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood
12-16 gms
RBCs have an average life span of…….days
120
Leucocytes are generally short lived and are relatively lesser in number which averages ………….mm–3 of blood.
6000-8000
Basophils secrete……/……/…… etc., and are involved in ………..reactions
histamine, serotonin, heparin,
inflammatory
Eosinophils (2-3 per cent)resist ……..and are also associated with……………….reactions
resist infections
allergic reactions
Platelets also called………are cell fragments produced from………….
thrombocytes
megakaryocytes
megakaryocytes special cells in the liver.
True or false
False
bone marrow
Blood normally contains……………platelets mm–3
1,500,00-3,500,00
1.5 to 3.5 million
Rh antigen similar to one present in……….monkeys is also observed on the surface of RBCs of majority (nearly…….per cent) of humans
Rhesus
80
A special case of Rh incompatibility (mismatching) has been observed between the ………..blood of a pregnant mother with ……….blood of the foetus.
Rh-ve
Rh+ve
In case of her subsequent pregnancies, the Rh antibodies from the mother can leak into the blood of the foetus and destroy the foetal RBCs. This could be fatal to the foetus or could cause severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby. This condition is called………….
erythroblastosis foetalis.
Erythroblastosis foetalis can be avoided by administering……………to the mother immediately after the delivery of the first child
anti-Rh antibodies
Statement I: An injury or a trauma stimulates the platelets in the blood to release certain factors which activate the mechanism of coagulation.
Statement II; Calcium ions play no role in clotting
Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect
Calcium ions play a very important role in clotting.
Order of cell sizes:
Increasing order
- Platelets
- B lymphocyte
- T lymphocyte
- Red Blood Cell (RBC)
- Basophil
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Monocyte
Statement 1: As the blood passes through the capillaries in tissues, some water along with many small water insoluble substances move out into the spaces between the cells
Statement 2: larger proteins and most of the formed elements are left in the blood vessels.
Statement 1 is incorrect and 2 is correct
As the blood passes through the capillaries in tissues, some water along with many small water SOLUBLE substances move out into the spaces between the cells
Statement 1: Tissue fluid has different mineral distribution as compared to that in plasma.
Statement 2: Exchange of nutrients, gases, etc., between the blood and the cells always occur through this fluid.
Statement 1 is incorrect statement 2 is correct
SAME mineral distribution as that in plasma.
Assertion: Closed circulatory system in which the blood pumped by the heart is always circulated through a closed network of blood vessels. Is considered to be more advantageous
Reason:the flow of fluid can be more precisely regulated.
Blood vascular system consists of a muscular…………. , a network of closed branching ……………. and………..
chambered
heart blood vessels
blood
Heart, the…………… derived organ
mesodermally
Heart is slightly tilted to the………
left
atrium and the ventricle of the same side are also separated by a……………….tissue called the atrio-ventricular septum
thick fibrous
Statement 1: opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle is guarded by a valve formed of three muscular flaps or cusps, the tricuspid valve
Statement 2: Bicuspid or mitral valve guards the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Both statements are incorrect
Tricuspid: between right atrium and right ventricle
Bicuspid: between left atrium and left ventricle
A patch of nodal tissue is present in the right upper corner of the right atrium called the……………
sino-atrial node (SAN)
In the lower left corner of the right atrium close to the atrio-ventricular septum nodal tissue called the………
atrio-ventricular node (AVN).
Statement 1:Nodal musculature has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli, i.e., it is autoexcitable
Statement 2: The number of action potentials that could be generated in a minute vary at different parts of the nodal system.
Both are correct
Atria to undergo a simultaneous contraction – the atrial systole. This increases the flow of blood into the ventricles by about……..per cent
30
Action potential is conducted to the ventricular side by……./…….from where the…………… transmits it through the entire ventricular musculature.
AVN and AV bundle
bundle of His
Heart beats……..times per minute, i.e., that many cardiac cycles are performed per minute.
72
Duration of a cardiac cycle is…….seconds.
0.8
During a cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately……..of blood which is called the………volume.
70 mL
stroke
…………….can be defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute and averages…………in a healthy individual
Cardiac output
5000 mL or 5 litres
Statement 1: The first heart sound (lub) is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves
Statement 2: Second heart sound (dub) is associated with the closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves
Both are false
Lub: closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valve
Dub: closure of semilunar valve
Basically, each artery and vein consists of three layers:
tunica intima : inner lining of squamous endothelium
Tunica media: smooth muscle and elastic fibres
Tunica external: fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibres
The tunica media is comparatively thin in the…….
veins
………….circulation provides nutrients, O2 and other essential substances to the tissues and takes CO2 and other harmful substances away for elimination.
Systemic
The hepatic portal vein carries blood from intestine to the…….before it is delivered to the systemic circulation.
liver
Special…………..of blood vessels is present in our body exclusively for the circulation of blood to and from the cardiac musculature.
coronary system
Special neural centre in the……….can moderate the cardiac function through autonomic nervous system (ANS)
medulla oblangata
Normal blood pressure
120/80
BP repeatedly checked to be
140/90 or higher: hypertension
………….affects the vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle
atherosclerosis
