Body Fluids Flashcards
Blood is a special connective tissue consisting of a……/……/……
fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements.
Plasma is a straw coloured, viscous fluid constituting nearly …….per cent of the blood.
55
…….per cent of plasma is water and proteins contribute……. per cent of it
90-92
6-8
……/……/……are the major proteins.
Fibrinogen, globulins and albumins
Plasma also contains small amounts of minerals like……/……./……/……/……
Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3–, Cl–, etc
Plasma without the clotting factors is called………
serum
healthy adult has, on an average…………….of RBCs mm–3 of blood
5 millions to 5.5 millions
healthy individual has…….of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood
12-16 gms
RBCs have an average life span of…….days
120
Leucocytes are generally short lived and are relatively lesser in number which averages ………….mm–3 of blood.
6000-8000
Basophils secrete……/……/…… etc., and are involved in ………..reactions
histamine, serotonin, heparin,
inflammatory
Eosinophils (2-3 per cent)resist ……..and are also associated with……………….reactions
resist infections
allergic reactions
Platelets also called………are cell fragments produced from………….
thrombocytes
megakaryocytes
megakaryocytes special cells in the liver.
True or false
False
bone marrow
Blood normally contains……………platelets mm–3
1,500,00-3,500,00
1.5 to 3.5 million
Rh antigen similar to one present in……….monkeys is also observed on the surface of RBCs of majority (nearly…….per cent) of humans
Rhesus
80
A special case of Rh incompatibility (mismatching) has been observed between the ………..blood of a pregnant mother with ……….blood of the foetus.
Rh-ve
Rh+ve
In case of her subsequent pregnancies, the Rh antibodies from the mother can leak into the blood of the foetus and destroy the foetal RBCs. This could be fatal to the foetus or could cause severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby. This condition is called………….
erythroblastosis foetalis.
Erythroblastosis foetalis can be avoided by administering……………to the mother immediately after the delivery of the first child
anti-Rh antibodies
Statement I: An injury or a trauma stimulates the platelets in the blood to release certain factors which activate the mechanism of coagulation.
Statement II; Calcium ions play no role in clotting
Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect
Calcium ions play a very important role in clotting.
Order of cell sizes:
Increasing order
- Platelets
- B lymphocyte
- T lymphocyte
- Red Blood Cell (RBC)
- Basophil
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Monocyte
Statement 1: As the blood passes through the capillaries in tissues, some water along with many small water insoluble substances move out into the spaces between the cells
Statement 2: larger proteins and most of the formed elements are left in the blood vessels.
Statement 1 is incorrect and 2 is correct
As the blood passes through the capillaries in tissues, some water along with many small water SOLUBLE substances move out into the spaces between the cells
Statement 1: Tissue fluid has different mineral distribution as compared to that in plasma.
Statement 2: Exchange of nutrients, gases, etc., between the blood and the cells always occur through this fluid.
Statement 1 is incorrect statement 2 is correct
SAME mineral distribution as that in plasma.
Assertion: Closed circulatory system in which the blood pumped by the heart is always circulated through a closed network of blood vessels. Is considered to be more advantageous
Reason:the flow of fluid can be more precisely regulated.
Blood vascular system consists of a muscular…………. , a network of closed branching ……………. and………..
chambered Heart
blood vessels
blood
Heart, the…………… derived organ
mesodermally
Heart is slightly tilted to the………
left
Located in the cavity called mediastenium
atrium and the ventricle of the same side are also separated by a……………….tissue called the atrio-ventricular septum
thick fibrous
Statement 1: opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle is guarded by a valve formed of three muscular flaps or cusps, the tricuspid valve
Statement 2: Bicuspid or mitral valve guards the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Both statements are incorrect
Tricuspid: between right atrium and right ventricle
Bicuspid: between left atrium and left ventricle
A patch of nodal tissue is present in the right upper corner of the right atrium called the……………
sino-atrial node (SAN)
In the lower left corner of the right atrium close to the atrio-ventricular septum nodal tissue called the………
atrio-ventricular node (AVN).
Statement 1:Nodal musculature has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli, i.e., it is autoexcitable
Statement 2: The number of action potentials that could be generated in a minute vary at different parts of the nodal system.
Both are correct
Atria to undergo a simultaneous contraction – the atrial systole. This increases the flow of blood into the ventricles by about……..per cent
30
Action potential is conducted to the ventricular side by……./…….from where the…………… transmits it through the entire ventricular musculature.
AVN and AV bundle
bundle of His
Heart beats……..times per minute, i.e., that many cardiac cycles are performed per minute.
72
Duration of a cardiac cycle is…….seconds.
0.8
During a cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately……..of blood which is called the………volume.
70 mL
stroke
…………….can be defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute and averages…………in a healthy individual
Cardiac output
5000 mL or 5 litres
Statement 1: The first heart sound (lub) is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves
Statement 2: Second heart sound (dub) is associated with the closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves
Both are false
Lub: closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valve
Dub: closure of semilunar valve
These sounds have clinical diagnostic significance
Basically, each artery and vein consists of three layers:
tunica intima : inner lining of squamous endothelium
Tunica media: smooth muscle and elastic fibres
Tunica external: fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibres
The tunica media is comparatively thin in the…….
veins
………….circulation provides nutrients, O2 and other essential substances to the tissues and takes CO2 and other harmful substances away for elimination.
Systemic
The hepatic portal vein carries blood from intestine to the…….before it is delivered to the systemic circulation.
liver
Special…………..of blood vessels is present in our body exclusively for the circulation of blood to and from the cardiac musculature.
coronary system
Special neural centre in the……….can moderate the cardiac function through autonomic nervous system (ANS)
medulla oblangata
Normal blood pressure
120/80
BP repeatedly checked to be
140/90 or higher: hypertension
Coronary artery disease also known as ………….affects the vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle
atherosclerosis
caused by deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues, which makes the lumen of arteries narrower.
Statement 1: Lymph is a colourless fluid containing specialised lymphocytes which are responsible for the immune responses of the body.
Statement 2: Lymph is also an important carrier for nutrients, hormones, etc.
Both are correct
An elaborate network of vessels called the lymphatic system collects this fluid and drains it back to the major arteries
True or false
False
Major veins
All vertebrates possess a muscular chambered heart.
True or false
True
Statement 1: Thick muscular wall called the inter-atrial septum separates the right and the left atria.
Statement 2: Thin walled, the inter-ventricular septum, separates the left and the right ventricles
Both are incorrect
Inter atrial septum is thin walled and inter ventricular septum is thick walled
Statement 1: The valves in the heart allows the flow of blood only in one direction, i.e., from the atria to the ventricles and from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery or aorta.
Statement 2: These valves prevent any backward flow.
Both are correct
The walls of ventricles are much thinner than that of the atria
False
The walls of ventricles are much thicker than that of the atria
Statement 1: bundle of nodal fibres, atrio-ventricular bundle (AV bundle) continues from the AVN which passes through the atrio-ventricular septa to emerge on the top of the inter-ventricular septum and immediately divides into a right and left bundle.
Statement 2: These branches give rise to minute fibres throughout the ventricular musculature of the respective sides and are called purkinje fibres.
Both are correct
The SAN can generate the maximum number of action potentials, i.e………..and is responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart
70-75 per min
To obtain a standard ECG a patient is connected to the machine with………….electrical leads that continuously monitor the heart activity.
three
one to each wrist and to the left ankle
Neural signals through the…………..nerves (part of ANS) can increase the rate of heart beat, the strength of ventricular contraction and thereby the cardiac output.
sympathetic
…………….. signals (another component of ANS) decrease the rate of heart beat, speed of conduction of action potential and thereby the cardiac output
Parasympathetic neural
Adrenal…………. hormones can also increase the cardiac output.
medullary
Catchecolamines
A symptom of acute chest pain appears when no enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle
Angina also called “angina pectoris”
more common among the middle-aged and elderly
Statement 1: Heart failure means the state of heart when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body.
Statement 2: It is sometimes called congestive heart failure because congestion of the lungs is one of the main symptoms of this disease.
Both are correct
Statement 1: Cardiac arrest is when the heart stops beating
Statement 2: Heart attack is when the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply
Both are correct
Shape of RBCs is biconcave disc because
Decreases the distance between cell membrane and haemoglobin molecules facilitate oxygen uptake
Shape of RBCs is biconcave disc because
Decreases the distance between cell membrane and haemoglobin molecules facilitate oxygen uptake
In human heart nodal tissue a conduction delay is seen in
AV node
Aplastic anemia
Aplastic Anemia: Caused by the bone marrow failing to produce enough red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It’s often due to autoimmune disorders, toxins, radiation, or certain medications.
Pernicious Anemia
Pernicious Anemia: A type of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia caused by the body’s inability to absorb vitamin B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor, a protein needed for B12 absorption. It affects red blood cell production.
Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic Anemia: Occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can produce them. Causes include autoimmune diseases, genetic conditions (e.g., sickle cell disease), infections, or certain medications.
Hemorrhagic Anemia
Hemorrhagic Anemia: Results from significant blood loss due to injury, surgery, gastrointestinal bleeding, or heavy menstrual periods. The loss of red blood cells exceeds the body’s ability to replace them.
Most abundant plasma protein is
Albumin
Most abundant circulating antibody
IgG
In the nodal tissue of the human heart, the highest conduction velocity is observed in the
Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers.
More accurate Purkinje fibres
These structures are specialized for rapid conduction to ensure efficient and synchronized contraction of the ventricles.
End diastolic volume is
120ml
End systolic volume is
50ml
Ejection fraction is approx………. %
60
Universal recipient is
AB+
Universal donor
O-
