Metabolism of Nutrients Flashcards
Metabolism involves
A) only the processes that break down large molecules in the body
B) only the processes that build up large molecules in the body
C) all of the processes that both break down and build up molecules in the body
D) only the processes that break down small molecules in the body
E) None are correct
C) all of the processes that both break down and build up molecules in the body
Which best describes catabolism?
A) The building of biomolecules
B) The breakdown and building of biomolecules
C) The breakdown of biomolecules
D) All of the processes that occur in the stomach
E) The building of muscle mass
C) The breakdown of biomolecules
Which would NOT you associate with anabolism?
A) All are correct B) Creating new cells C) Creating ATP during cellular respiration D) Building muscle mass E) Mineralization of bone
C) Creating ATP during cellular respiration
ATP is created during _______ reactions, and used during _______ reactions.
A) catabolic, metabolic B) metabolic, anabolic C) anabolic, catabolic D) anabolic, metabolic E) catabolic, anabolic
E) catabolic, anabolic
If you ate a very large meal, which form of metabolism would likely take over to help you obtain nutrients from the food?
A) Digestion B) Steroids C) Anabolism D) Catabolism E) Metabolism
D) Catabolism
What is the term used to describe the process of converting non–carbohydrate molecules, like amino acids into glucose?
A) Gluconeogenesis B) Phosphorylation C) Glycolysis D) Glycogenolysis E) Lipogenesis F)
A) Gluconeogenesis
If your feast contains a lot of carbohydrates, but your body does not need immediate energy, it will store glucose in the muscles and liver as what?
A) Macronutrients B) Glycogen C) Metabolites D) Adipose Tissue E) Ketone Bodies
B) Glycogen
Excessive amino acids from the proteins you eat don’t really have a storage space in the body. So, what happens to them?
A) They tend to escape the body through sweat
B) They tend to get flushed out in feces
C) They form harmful protein deposits on the kidneys
D) They tend to get broken down for energy
E) They remain in the digestive tract until needed
D) They tend to get broken down for energy
What happens to excessive glucose after glycogen stores are filled up?
A) It gets flushed from the body in urine
B) It gets converted into fat and stored in adipose tissue
C) It clogs the arteries
D) It becomes toxic
E) It breaks down into urea
B) It gets converted into fat and stored in adipose tissue
Which of the following compounds are produced as byproducts from the breakdown of fatty acids and can be used by your cells for energy?
A) Lipases B) Glycogen Molecules C) Adipose Cells D) Amino Acids E) Ketone Bodies
E) Ketone Bodies
Which type of phosphorylation can take place in the cytoplasm or in the mitochondrial matrix?
A) Neither Substrate–Level or Oxidative Phosphorylation
B) Oxidative Phosphorylation
C) Substrate–Level Phosphorylation
D) Both Substrate–Level and Oxidative Phosphorylation
E) Kreb’s Phosphorylation
F)
C) Substrate–Level Phosphorylation
While some ATP can be made in the cytoplasm, most is made inside of which of the following cellular bodies?
A) The Ribosomes B) The Mitochondria C) The Nucleus D) The Membrane E) The Golgi Apparatus F)
B) The Mitochondria
During oxidative phosphorylation, protons escape through this enzyme that helps phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
A) Lipase B) Adenosine Phosphatase C) ATP Substrate D) Hydrogen Synthase E) ATP Synthase
E) ATP Synthase
Which type of phosphorylation involves the Electron Transport Chain?
A) Both Substrate–Level and Oxidative Phosphorylation B) Redox Phosphorylation C) Oxidative Phosphorylation D) The Citric Acid Cycle E) Substrate–Level Phosphorylation
C) Oxidative Phosphorylation
Which of the following is the molecule that supplies energy for metabolic processes within your cells?
A) Adenosine phosphate B) Mitochondria C) ATP synthase D) Glycogen E) Adenosine triphosphate
E) Adenosine triphosphate
When carbohydrates are eaten, your digestive system breaks them down into simple sugars known as what?
A) Glycogen B) Glucose C) Lipids D) Amino acids E) Glucocytes
B) Glucose
Which processes will increase the glucose level in the blood?
A) Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis B) Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenesis C) None of these answers are correct D) Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenolysis and Glycogenesis E) Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenesis
A) Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis
Which of the following is defined as the creation of new glucose from molecules that are not carbohydrates, such as proteins and lipids?
A) Gluconeogenesis B) Glyconeolysis C) Glycolysis D) Glycogenesis E) Glycogenolysis
A) Gluconeogenesis
Which process is occurring when your body pulls glycogen out of storage and breaks it down into glucose?
A) Glycogenolysis B) Glycogenesis C) Both Glycogenesis and Gluconeogenesis D) Gluconeogenesis E) Both Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis
A) Glycogenolysis
If you eat a carbohydrate–rich meal your body will move the excess glucose out of your blood and into storage as glycogen. What is this process called?
A) Glucose synthesis B) Glycogenesis C) Glycogenolysis D) Glycolysis E) Gluconeogenesis
B) Glycogenesis
Which of the following terms is used to describe the process by which information in a DNA is copied into a new format?
A) Translation B) Transfer C) Xeroxing D) Transcription E) Synthesis
D) Transcription
Which of the following terms is used to describe the process by which ribosomes create proteins from information contained in mRNA?
A) Lipogenesis B) Translation C) Metabolism D) Gluconeogenesis E) Transcription
B) Translation
An Anticodon is a three–base sequence found on which of the following structures?
A) DNA B) Ribosome C) Transfer RNA (tRNA) D) Cytoplasm E) Messenger RNA (mRNA)
C) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
The blueprints for protein synthesis are found inside the nucleus in which of the following structures?
A) Messenger RNA B) Transfer RNA C) DNA D) Ribosome E) RNA
C) DNA
Which of the following can be described as the protein manufacturing factory because it is the site where proteins are put together?
A) Nucleus B) Ribosome C) Golgi Apparatus D) Cytoplasm E) Mitochondria
B) Ribosome
Which of the following molecules, which is formed from the metabolism of glucose, begins the process of lipogenesis?
A) Acetyl–CoA B) Triglyceride C) Insulin D) Coenzyme Q E) Glycogen F)
A) Acetyl–CoA
Which pancreatic hormone could be said to be the one that opens the doorway to lipogenesis?
A) Insulin B) Glucagon C) Glucose D) Glycogen E) Acetyl Coenzyme A
A) Insulin
When you eat a big carbohydrate meal, some of the glucose is burned and some goes into storage as glycogen, but what happens to the remaining glucose?
A) It gets stored as fat
B) It remains in the digestive tract until needed
C) It gets broken down into amino acids
D) It gets expelled as waste
E) It gets stored as protein in the muscles and liver
A) It gets stored as fat
Which of the following terms is use to describe a complex of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of acetyl–CoA to fatty acid during lipogenesis?
A) Glucosamine Synthase B) Acetyl Coenzyme Q C) Lipase D) Fatty Acid Synthase E) Acetyl Coenzyme A
D) Fatty Acid Synthase
Which of the following terms is used to describe the basic building blocks of fat?
A) Triglycerides B) Acetyl–CoA C) Lipids D) Glucose E) Fatty Acids
E) Fatty Acids
The toxic byproduct acetaldehyde is converted with the help of an enzyme to this less toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism?
A) Aldehyde B) Oxygen C) Hops D) Hydrogen E) Acetate
E) Acetate
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde?
A) BAC B) Aldehyde dehydrogenase C) Ethanol dehydrosis D) Acetate dehydrogenase E) Alcohol dehydrogenase
E) Alcohol dehydrogenase
Which of the following forms the backbone of a DNA molecule?
A) Ribose and a nitrogenous base B) Deoxyribose and ribose C) Deoxyribose and a phosphate group D) Deoxyribose only E) Deoxyribose and a nitrogenous base
C) Deoxyribose and a phosphate group
A phosphodiester bond links:
A) A nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
B) A sugar and a phosphate group
C) A nitrogenous base and another nitrogenous base
D) A sugar to another sugar
E) A sugar and a nitrogenous base
B) A sugar and a phosphate group
Which of the following is a primary function of a nucleic acid?
I. Structural support
II. Storage of information
III. Energy storage
A) I and II B) II and III C) I and III D) II E) III
D) II
Which of the following can be found in a DNA molecule?
A) Two answers are correct B) Phosphate C) Sugar D) Fatty acid F) None of the above
A) Two answers are correct
A nucleic acid monomer is called:
A) A nucleosome B) Deoxyribose C) A nucleotide D) Ribose E) A nucleoside
C) A nucleotide
This type of eicosanoid is tied to blood clotting.
A) Thromboxanes B) Leukocytes C) Prostaglandins D) Thrombocytes E) Leukotrienes
A) Thromboxanes
Eicosanoids earned this nickname because they act on cells close to their site of production?
A) Local Enzymes B) Local Secretions C) Local Catalysts D) Local Hormones E) Local Antagonists
D) Local Hormones
Most eicosanoids are produced from this polyunsaturated fatty acid.
A) Hydrogenated oil B) Bile C) Arachidonic acid D) Trans fats E) Short chain fatty acids
C) Arachidonic acid
This type of eicosanoid causes the contraction of the smooth muscles of the uterus, making it important during labor.
A) Leukotrienes B) NSAIDS C) Prostaglandins D) Platelets E) Thromboxanes
C) Prostaglandins
This type of eicosanoid constricts the airways, making it important in asthmatic and allergic reactions
A) Allergen B) Prostaglandins C) Thromboxanes D) Leukotrienes E) Montelukast
D) Leukotrienes
These cytokines can destroy cells, including cancer cells
A) Lymphokines B) Chemokines C) Tumor Necrosis Factor D) Interleukins E) Interferons
C) Tumor Necrosis Factor
These cytokines are proteins that regulate immune and inflammatory responses by creating communication between leukocytes
A) Interferons B) Tumor Necrosis Factor C) Chemokines D) Lymphokines E) Interleukins
E) Interleukins
Which of the following is not a type of cytokine?
A) Lymphokines B) Interleukins C) Interferons D) Hormones E) Chemokines
D) Hormones
These cytokines are proteins that inhibit viruses from replicating
A) Chemokines B) Interleukins C) Tumor Necrosis Factor D) Interferons E) Lymphokines
D) Interferons
These cytokines use chemotaxis to call in cells to the site of infection
A) Lymphokines B) Interleukins C) Interferons D) Tumor Necrosis Factor E) Chemokines
E) Chemokines
Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning Inborn Errors of Metabolism?
A) They cannot be inherited
B) All of the statements are true
C) They are easy to diagnose
D) Initial symptoms are typically vague and non–specific
E) Symptoms always appear within hours of birth
D) Initial symptoms are typically vague and non–specific
A person born with PKU is unable to metabolize which of the following amino acids?
A) Glutamine B) Phenylalanine C) Tryptophan D) Proline E) Methionine
B) Phenylalanine
This is so commonly seen in Inborn Errors of Metabolism that we could consider it a hallmark of the disorders.
A) An obvious family history B) A rapid onset of symptoms C) Mental retardation D) A delay in the presentation of symptoms E) Pale skin
D) A delay in the presentation of symptoms
Which of the following inborn errors of metabolism that can cause mental retardation if not treated early?
A) Sickle Cell Anemia B) Diabetes Mellitus C) Phenylketonuria D) Maple Sugar Urine Disease E) Tay–Sachs Disease
C) Phenylketonuria
Most IEMs have autosomal recessive modes of inheritance. What does this mean?
A) The bad gene is passed down to the child from the mother
B) Two copies of the bad gene must be passed on to the child for the disease to develop
C) None of the answers are correct
D) The bad gene is not present on the mother or father’s genes
E) The bad gene is passed down to the child from the mother
B) Two copies of the bad gene must be passed on to the child for the disease to develop
What amino acid is conditionally essential for individuals with PKU and why?
Tyrosine, because the individuals cannot convert phenylalanine into tyrosine.
Why are people with PKU fairer than their relatives?
There is a tyrosine–derived enzyme that is necessary for the production of melanin.
What are the protein needs of growing children with PKU compared to the average child?
25–30% higher
