Immune System Flashcards
definition of hypoxia
oxygen deficiency
definition of ischemia
insufficient oxygen supply
what are hyaline deposits?
cellular response to injury, mix of mostly proteins including fibrin, collagen, and amyloid (protein fragments folded into the wrong shape)
What is metaplasia?
displacement of 1 cell type by another, often less mature cell type
ex. is vitamin a deficiency, barrett’s esophogus
what increases and decreases in the aging immune system?
lower cytokines
lower mucous secretions
increased natural killer cells
How can estrogen influence yeast infections?
lower estrogen=increased vaginal ph
definition of necrosis
cell injury/changes that results in premature cell death
what is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
name 3 secretions that contain lysozome. what does lysozome do?
sweat, tears, saliva. it damages bacteria
name 4 things required for an effective immune system
specificity, diversity, adaptivity, memory
what is myasthenia gravis?
thymus autoimmune disease (thymus=lymphocyte storage, important mostly for young children)
what does the lymphatic system do to antigens?
it concentrates them so they can be dealt with
what does the spleen do?
destroys old RBC
What are peyer’s patches?
lymphoid tissue found in the small intestine
how many WBCs are there compared to RBC’s?
3x as many WBC
Name 3 kinds of leukocytes
macrophages
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
what do macrophages do?
they eat bacteria and activate other parts of the immune system, like presenting antigens to T cells
what do neutrophils do?
most common WBC, small, mobile, short lifespan
contain lysozome, eat antigens
what causes an increase in eosinophils?
allergic or worm infection––they are adapted to attack larger pathogens
what do basophils produce?
histamine and serotonin (allergic response)
Name 3 kinds of lymphocytes
B cells, T cells, Natural Killer Cells
What do plasma B cells produce?
5 types of antibodies: IgG (most prevalent) IgA (mucusol, ex celiac) IgM (first in new infections) IgD IgE (allergens and worms)
What is the major histocompatibility complex? (MHC)
a genetic system that allows large proteins in immune system cells to identify compatible or foreign proteins. It allows the matching of potential organ or bone marrow donors with recipients. Also called HLA, human leukocyte antigen
what is a complement?
group of plasma proteins that react in cascades, lead to stimulation of phagocytes and activating the cell membrane attack complex
what are cytokines?
immune communication proteins synthesized from fatty acid substrates, they can be pro– or anti–inflammatory depending on if they are made from omega 3 or 6
what is the innate immune system? include 4 examples of things in it.
does not increase/change with repeated exposure
macrophages, monocytes, NKC, leukocytes
Name 2 things that are part of the adaptive immune system
T cells and B cells (both lymphocytes)
What are average protein/fluid requirements for wound healing?
1.25–1.5 g/kg
fluid is increased, about 35 mL/kg
name 7 nutrients to consider for wound healing
A, C, zinc, arginine, glutamine, copper, manganese
What quantities of A, C, and zinc might you want to use for wound healing?
vit A if deficient, 20,000–25 IU for ten days
vit C 1–2 g/day (test WBC ascorbic acid levels)
zinc 15–25 mg/day, vegetarians may need more
Why is glutamine important for wound healing?
fuel for enterocytes, leukocytes, and macrophages
precursor for nucleotides and glutathione
