Fundamental Principles of Nutrition Flashcards
Data supporting the hypothesis that dietary composition influences the development of cancer include observations that:
a. high fiber diets are associated with an increased incidence of colon cancer
b. dietary carcinogens protect against the effects of environmental carcinogens
c. nutrient deficiencies always promote tumor growth
d. cruciferous vegetables may protect against tumorgenesis
d. cruciferous vegetables may protect against tumorgenesis
Diet assessment of a population can be used to:
a. identify common dietary problems
b. solve common dietary problems
c. implement guidelines for individuals
d. determine general characteristics
d. determine general characteristics
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) has which of the following objectives?
a. Ongoing collection of health data from Americans <65 years of age
b. Identification of low birth weight infants
c. Treatment for elevated blood lipid levels
d. Collection of dietary data using 24-hour recalls
d. Collection of dietary data using 24-hour recalls
During the past 50 years, the average total caloric intake among infants in the United States:
a. has not changed
b. has decreased
c. has increased
d. is not possible to assess
c. has increased
During gestation, dietary requirements are increased for:
a. vitamin A
b. pyridoxine and pantothenic acid
c. thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
d. vitamin D
c. thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
During gestation, the fetus receives nourishment primarily from:
a. nutrient secretions from fallopian tube cells
b. tropoblast cells of the decidua basilis
c. the amniotic fluid
d. the placental circulation
d. the placental circulation
The fetus acquires most of its calcium during:
a. the first trimester
b. the second trimester
c. the third trimester
d. maternal dietary calcium excess
c. the third trimester
Compared to the requirements of a non-pregnant adult woman, the dietary requirements for several vitamins are increased during gestation; among these are the requirements for:
a. vitamin A
b. pyridoxine and pantothenic acid
c. thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
d. vitamin D
c. thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
Compared to commercial infant formulas, human milk has a greater concentration of:
a. cholesterol
b. protein
c. casein
d. linoleic acid
a. cholesterol
Compared to his peers, a healthy 15-year old male who is a competitive weight lifter should consume more protein and more:
a. minerals
b. carbohydrates
c. fat
d. carbohydrates and fat
b. carbohydrates
Aging is associated with several changes in metabolism, including:
a. increased basal metabolic rate, reduced muscle mass, and increased fat deposition.
b. increased basal metabolic rate, reduced muscle mass, and decreased fat deposition.
c. decreased basal metabolic rate, reduced muscle mass, and decreased fat deposition.
d. decreased basal metabolic rate, reduced muscle mass, and increased fat deposition.
d. decreased basal metabolic rate, reduced muscle mass, and increased fat deposition.
Activity for Daily Living
Little to no exercise
Daily kilocalories needed = RMR x 1.2
Activity for Daily Living
Light exercise
1-3 days per week
Daily kilocalories needed = RMR x 1.375
Activity for Daily Living
Moderate exercise
3-5 days per week
Daily kilocalories needed = RMR x 1.55
Activity for Daily Living
Heavy exercise
6-7 days per week
Daily kilocalories needed = RMR x 1.725
Activity for Daily Living
Very heavy exercise
Twice per day, extra heavy workouts
Daily kilocalories needed = RMR x 1.9
An exercise program combining aerobic and strength exercises will increase metabolic rate by about:
a. 10% or less
b. 25% to 50%
c. 50% to 100%
d. 100% or more
a. 10% or less
The consumption of 1750 excess Kcal will result in the deposition of new body fat weighing:
a. 17.5 g
b. 175 g
c. 227 g
d. 454 g
c. 227 g
The caloric equivalent of one gram of lean tissue is approximately:
a. 1 Kcal
b. 2 Kcal
c. 4 Kcal
d. 9 Kcal
a. 1 Kcal
Daily consumption of 50 Kcal of excess dietary energy for a year will produce a weight gain of:
a. 4 to 5 pounds
b. 10 to 12 pounds
c. 20 to 25 pounds
d. 40 to 50 pounds
a. 4 to 5 pounds
Ketones result from the metabolism of:
a. fatty acids
b. simple sugars
c. amino acids
d. complex carbohydrates
a. fatty acids
Most circulating cholesterol is eliminated from the body after metabolism to:
a. lipoproteins
b. phospholipids
c. fecal fat
d. bile acids
d. bile acids
Vitamin B12 is a required cofactor in the biochemical pathway through which glucose is produced from the amino acid:
a. alanine
b. valine
c. methionine
d. tyrosine
b. valine
The size of the free amino acid pool in the human body is regulated by the rate of:
a. oxidation of amino acids
b. synthesis of nonessential amino acids
c. urinary excretion of amino acids
d. skeletal collagen metabolism
a. oxidation of amino acids
The decarboxylation of pyruvate involves a sequence of reactions that require, as coenzymes, the four vitamins:
a. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin and vitamin B12
b. thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B12
c. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin
d. biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B12
c. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin
Examples of dietary nutrients that are not absorbed directly into the enterohepatic portal blood system include:
a. amino acids
b. medium-chain fatty acids
c. monosaccharides
d. long-chain fatty acids
d. long-chain fatty acids
The ingestion of a meal containing large amounts of saturated fat will result in a transient increase in the serum concentration of:
a. chylomicrons
b. low-density lipoproteins
c. high-density lipoproteins
d. micelles
a. chylomicrons
The hormone responsible for the decrease in gastrointestinal smooth muscle tone and motility during pregnancy is:
a. estrogen
b. progesterone
c. placental lactogen
d. human chorionic ghonadotropin
b. progesterone
The product of enterokinase reactions is:
a. trypsin
b. chymotrypsin
c. pepsin
d. carboxypeptidase
a. trypsin
Glutamine is the primary energy source for the:
a. liver
b. heart
c. small intestine
d. brain
c. small intestine
The IOM recommends supplementation or food fortification with which nutrient for the elderly?
a. Calcium
b. Iron
c. Biotin
d. B12
d. B12
Megaloblastic anemia of pregornancy usually results from deficiency of:
a. iron
b. oxytocin
c. antipernicious anemia factor
d. folacin
d. folacin
The most serious consequence of feeding “double strength” formula to an infant is likely to be:
a. sleepiness
b. colic
c. mental impairment
d. dehydration
d. dehydration
Except for when women are pregnant and lactating the total quantity of nutrients and calories needed during __________ greater than at any other stage of the life cycle.
a. infancy
b. childhood
c. adolescence
d. aging
a. infancy
When 2 or more plant proteins are combined, compensating for deficiencies in essential amino acid content in each protein, the proteins are called:
a. essential proteins
b. complementary proteins
c. conditional proteins
d. ideal proteins
b. complementary proteins
Nutrient reference values developed by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. They are intended to serve as a guide for good nutrition and provide the scientific basis for the development of food guidelines in both the United States and Canada.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
The levels of intake of essential nutrients that, on the basis of scientific knowledge, are judged by the Food and Nutrition Board to be adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy persons.
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
The recommended average daily intake level based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate – used when an RDA cannot be determined.
Adequate Intakes (AI)
The intake level for a nutrient at which the needs of 50 percent of the population will be met.
Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)
The highest level of daily intake that is likely to pose no adverse health effects in most human individuals.
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)
Which of the following nutrients produces an RQ (Respiratory Quotient) of 1.0, as measured by indirect calorimetry?
a. Protein
b. Fat
c. Carbohydrate
d. All of the above
c. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate produces an RQ of 1.0 using indirect calorimetry. This is because the number of molecules of carbon dioxide produced during carbohydrate metabolism is equal to the number of molecules of oxygen consumed.
Mifflin- St. Jeor equations are used today to estimate energy expenditure of healthy individuals and in some patients and are as follows:
Males: kcal/: day 10 (wt) + 6.25 (ht) - 5 (age) + 5
Females: kcal/ day 10 (wt) + 6.25 (ht) - 5 (age) - 161 Weight = actual body weight in kilograms
Height = centimeters;
age = years
1lb to kg
1lb = .454kg
1in to cm
1 inch = 2.54 cm
All of the following phytonutrients may assist in blood sugar regulation except:
a. 4-hydroxyisoleucine
b. hydroxytyrosol
c. charantin
d. cinnamaldehyde
b. hydroxytyrosol
Which of the following mineral supplementation may be used to increase testosterone levels, increase estrogen levels, or treat osteoarthritis?
a. boron
b. zinc
c. nickel
d. selenium
a. boron
