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CNS Study Final > Fundamental Principles of Nutrition > Flashcards

Fundamental Principles of Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Data supporting the hypothesis that dietary composition influences the development of cancer include observations that:

a. high fiber diets are associated with an increased incidence of colon cancer
b. dietary carcinogens protect against the effects of environmental carcinogens
c. nutrient deficiencies always promote tumor growth
d. cruciferous vegetables may protect against tumorgenesis

A

d. cruciferous vegetables may protect against tumorgenesis

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2
Q

Diet assessment of a population can be used to:

a. identify common dietary problems
b. solve common dietary problems
c. implement guidelines for individuals
d. determine general characteristics

A

d. determine general characteristics

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3
Q

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) has which of the following objectives?

a. Ongoing collection of health data from Americans <65 years of age
b. Identification of low birth weight infants
c. Treatment for elevated blood lipid levels
d. Collection of dietary data using 24-hour recalls

A

d. Collection of dietary data using 24-hour recalls

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4
Q

During the past 50 years, the average total caloric intake among infants in the United States:

a. has not changed
b. has decreased
c. has increased
d. is not possible to assess

A

c. has increased

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5
Q

During gestation, dietary requirements are increased for:

a. vitamin A
b. pyridoxine and pantothenic acid
c. thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
d. vitamin D

A

c. thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin

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6
Q

During gestation, the fetus receives nourishment primarily from:

a. nutrient secretions from fallopian tube cells
b. tropoblast cells of the decidua basilis
c. the amniotic fluid
d. the placental circulation

A

d. the placental circulation

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7
Q

The fetus acquires most of its calcium during:

a. the first trimester
b. the second trimester
c. the third trimester
d. maternal dietary calcium excess

A

c. the third trimester

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8
Q

Compared to the requirements of a non-pregnant adult woman, the dietary requirements for several vitamins are increased during gestation; among these are the requirements for:

a. vitamin A
b. pyridoxine and pantothenic acid
c. thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
d. vitamin D

A

c. thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin

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9
Q

Compared to commercial infant formulas, human milk has a greater concentration of:

a. cholesterol
b. protein
c. casein
d. linoleic acid

A

a. cholesterol

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10
Q

Compared to his peers, a healthy 15-year old male who is a competitive weight lifter should consume more protein and more:

a. minerals
b. carbohydrates
c. fat
d. carbohydrates and fat

A

b. carbohydrates

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11
Q

Aging is associated with several changes in metabolism, including:

a. increased basal metabolic rate, reduced muscle mass, and increased fat deposition.
b. increased basal metabolic rate, reduced muscle mass, and decreased fat deposition.
c. decreased basal metabolic rate, reduced muscle mass, and decreased fat deposition.
d. decreased basal metabolic rate, reduced muscle mass, and increased fat deposition.

A

d. decreased basal metabolic rate, reduced muscle mass, and increased fat deposition.

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12
Q

Activity for Daily Living

Little to no exercise

A

Daily kilocalories needed = RMR x 1.2

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13
Q

Activity for Daily Living

Light exercise
1-3 days per week

A

Daily kilocalories needed = RMR x 1.375

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14
Q

Activity for Daily Living

Moderate exercise
3-5 days per week

A

Daily kilocalories needed = RMR x 1.55

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15
Q

Activity for Daily Living

Heavy exercise
6-7 days per week

A

Daily kilocalories needed = RMR x 1.725

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16
Q

Activity for Daily Living

Very heavy exercise
Twice per day, extra heavy workouts

A

Daily kilocalories needed = RMR x 1.9

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17
Q

An exercise program combining aerobic and strength exercises will increase metabolic rate by about:

a. 10% or less
b. 25% to 50%
c. 50% to 100%
d. 100% or more

A

a. 10% or less

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18
Q

The consumption of 1750 excess Kcal will result in the deposition of new body fat weighing:

a. 17.5 g
b. 175 g
c. 227 g
d. 454 g

A

c. 227 g

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19
Q

The caloric equivalent of one gram of lean tissue is approximately:

a. 1 Kcal
b. 2 Kcal
c. 4 Kcal
d. 9 Kcal

A

a. 1 Kcal

20
Q

Daily consumption of 50 Kcal of excess dietary energy for a year will produce a weight gain of:

a. 4 to 5 pounds
b. 10 to 12 pounds
c. 20 to 25 pounds
d. 40 to 50 pounds

A

a. 4 to 5 pounds

21
Q

Ketones result from the metabolism of:

a. fatty acids
b. simple sugars
c. amino acids
d. complex carbohydrates

A

a. fatty acids

22
Q

Most circulating cholesterol is eliminated from the body after metabolism to:

a. lipoproteins
b. phospholipids
c. fecal fat
d. bile acids

A

d. bile acids

23
Q

Vitamin B12 is a required cofactor in the biochemical pathway through which glucose is produced from the amino acid:

a. alanine
b. valine
c. methionine
d. tyrosine

A

b. valine

24
Q

The size of the free amino acid pool in the human body is regulated by the rate of:

a. oxidation of amino acids
b. synthesis of nonessential amino acids
c. urinary excretion of amino acids
d. skeletal collagen metabolism

A

a. oxidation of amino acids

25
Q

The decarboxylation of pyruvate involves a sequence of reactions that require, as coenzymes, the four vitamins:

a. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin and vitamin B12
b. thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B12
c. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin
d. biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B12

A

c. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin

26
Q

Examples of dietary nutrients that are not absorbed directly into the enterohepatic portal blood system include:

a. amino acids
b. medium-chain fatty acids
c. monosaccharides
d. long-chain fatty acids

A

d. long-chain fatty acids

27
Q

The ingestion of a meal containing large amounts of saturated fat will result in a transient increase in the serum concentration of:

a. chylomicrons
b. low-density lipoproteins
c. high-density lipoproteins
d. micelles

A

a. chylomicrons

28
Q

The hormone responsible for the decrease in gastrointestinal smooth muscle tone and motility during pregnancy is:

a. estrogen
b. progesterone
c. placental lactogen
d. human chorionic ghonadotropin

A

b. progesterone

29
Q

The product of enterokinase reactions is:

a. trypsin
b. chymotrypsin
c. pepsin
d. carboxypeptidase

A

a. trypsin

30
Q

Glutamine is the primary energy source for the:

a. liver
b. heart
c. small intestine
d. brain

A

c. small intestine

31
Q

The IOM recommends supplementation or food fortification with which nutrient for the elderly?

a. Calcium
b. Iron
c. Biotin
d. B12

A

d. B12

32
Q

Megaloblastic anemia of pregornancy usually results from deficiency of:

a. iron
b. oxytocin
c. antipernicious anemia factor
d. folacin

A

d. folacin

33
Q

The most serious consequence of feeding “double strength” formula to an infant is likely to be:

a. sleepiness
b. colic
c. mental impairment
d. dehydration

A

d. dehydration

34
Q

Except for when women are pregnant and lactating the total quantity of nutrients and calories needed during __________ greater than at any other stage of the life cycle.

a. infancy
b. childhood
c. adolescence
d. aging

A

a. infancy

35
Q

When 2 or more plant proteins are combined, compensating for deficiencies in essential amino acid content in each protein, the proteins are called:

a. essential proteins
b. complementary proteins
c. conditional proteins
d. ideal proteins

A

b. complementary proteins

36
Q

Nutrient reference values developed by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. They are intended to serve as a guide for good nutrition and provide the scientific basis for the development of food guidelines in both the United States and Canada.

A

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)

37
Q

The levels of intake of essential nutrients that, on the basis of scientific knowledge, are judged by the Food and Nutrition Board to be adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy persons.

A

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)

38
Q

The recommended average daily intake level based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate – used when an RDA cannot be determined.

A

Adequate Intakes (AI)

39
Q

The intake level for a nutrient at which the needs of 50 percent of the population will be met.

A

Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)

40
Q

The highest level of daily intake that is likely to pose no adverse health effects in most human individuals.

A

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)

41
Q

Which of the following nutrients produces an RQ (Respiratory Quotient) of 1.0, as measured by indirect calorimetry?

a. Protein
b. Fat
c. Carbohydrate
d. All of the above

A

c. Carbohydrates

Carbohydrate produces an RQ of 1.0 using indirect calorimetry. This is because the number of molecules of carbon dioxide produced during carbohydrate metabolism is equal to the number of molecules of oxygen consumed.

42
Q

Mifflin- St. Jeor equations are used today to estimate energy expenditure of healthy individuals and in some patients and are as follows:

A

Males: kcal/: day 􏰂 10 (wt) + 􏰃6.25 (ht) - 5 (age) + 5
Females: kcal/ day 􏰂 10 (wt) 􏰃+ 6.25 (ht) 􏰇- 5 (age) 􏰇- 161 Weight =􏰂 actual body weight in kilograms
Height =􏰂 centimeters;
age = 􏰂years

43
Q

1lb to kg

A

1lb = .454kg

44
Q

1in to cm

A

1 inch = 2.54 cm

45
Q

All of the following phytonutrients may assist in blood sugar regulation except:

a. 4-hydroxyisoleucine
b. hydroxytyrosol
c. charantin
d. cinnamaldehyde

A

b. hydroxytyrosol

46
Q

Which of the following mineral supplementation may be used to increase testosterone levels, increase estrogen levels, or treat osteoarthritis?

a. boron
b. zinc
c. nickel
d. selenium

A

a. boron

CNS Study Final (29 decks)

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