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CNS Study Final > Glands Etc. > Flashcards

Glands Etc. Flashcards

1
Q

Where are corticosteroids produced and what is their precursor?

A

Produced in the corext of the adrenals, precursor=cholesterol

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2
Q

Name 2 corticosteroids produced by the adrenals

A

Aldosterone and Cortisol

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3
Q

Name 2 catecholomine hormones produced by the adrenals

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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4
Q

What does epinephrine do?

A

increased heart rate, constriction of blood vessels––increased blood pressure

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5
Q

Where are androgens produced?

A

the adrenals

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6
Q

What is a precursor to estrogen?

A

Androgens

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7
Q

What arethe precursor and intermediary for norepinephrine?

A

tyrosine, dopamine

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8
Q

Where is aldosterone produced?

A

the adrenals

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9
Q

What is the role of aldosterone?

A

secreted in response to increased potassium or decreased sodium/decreased blood pressure. Produced in the adrenals, targets kidneys to promote sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, increases blood pressure

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10
Q

Where is cortisol secreted and what does it do?

A

secreted by the adrenals, it increases circulating glucose by increasing the utilization of amino acids for energy and stimulating the synthesis of glucose in the liver.
it also reduces osteoblast abilities/reduces calcium absorption

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11
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

increases concentration of ionic calcium in the blood, by directly stimulating osteoblasts, bone breaks down and releases calcium
increases gastrointestinal calcium absorption by activating vitamin D
promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys
it also acts on kidneys to inhibit reabsorption of phosphate, but D increases phosphate absorption

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12
Q

What hormone is the antagonist to PTH? Where is it produced?

A

calcitonin, produced by thyroid

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13
Q

Which gland links the nervous system to the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

What are the main roles of the hypothalamus?

A

regulation of body temp, water balance, metabolism, pituitary gland, limbic system (thirst, appetite, sex, pain, pleasure)

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15
Q

name 6 hormones produced by the hypothalamus

A

TRH(thyrotropin–releasing hormone) stimulates anterior pituitary release of TSH and prolactin
Corticotropin–releasing hormone—stimulates pituitary release of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone,which stimulates adrenal release of cortisol)
Growth–hormone–releasing–hormone Gonadotropin–releasing–hormone (stimulates FSH and KH from anterior pituitary) Somatostatin—inhibits growth hormone and TSH from anterior pituitary, also inhibits digestion
Prolactin inhibitory factor—constantly released. When it stops being released, pituitary releases prolactin

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16
Q

What gland does the hypothalamus send messages to?

A

Pituitary gland

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17
Q

Name 6 things the anterior pituitary produces

A

growth hormone
prolactin
adrenocorticotropic (stimulates adrenalproduction of cortisol)
thyroid–stimulating hormone (TSH)
luteinizing hormone (regulatesestrogen/testosterone)
follicle–stimulating hormone(stimulates release of eggs in women, normal sperm function in men)

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18
Q

Name 2 things the posterior pituitary produces

A 
oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
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19
Q

Where do t cells mature and what part of the immune system do they belong to?

A

Thymus, adaptive immune system

20
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

secretes melatonin

coordinates fertility hormones (FSH and LH from pituitary)

21
Q

What do the ovaries secrete?

A

Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone

22
Q

what is the role of progesterone?

A

converts endometriumto prepare for implantation. Lowersimmune system to keep body from attacking potential baby. If pregnancy does notoccur, progesterone levels decrease and menstruation occurs

23
Q

what in a cell can produce cholesterol when LDL is unusually low?

A

the cell’s endoplasmic reticulum

24
Q

Where is growth hormone produced?

A

anterior pituitary

25
Q

where is prolactin produced?

A

anterior pituitary

26
Q

where is adrenocorticotropic produced and what does it do?

A

anterior pituitary, (stimulates adrenalproduction of cortisol)

27
Q

Where is TSH produced?

A

anterior pituitary

28
Q

where is luteinizing hormone produced and what does it do?

A

anterior pituitary (regulates estrogen/testosterone)

29
Q

where is follicle–stimulating hormone produced and what does it do?

A

anterior pituitary (stimulates release of eggs in women, normal sperm function in men)

30
Q

What do the kidneys produce in response to lowered BP or lowered sodium?

A

Renin

31
Q

Where is angiotensinogen produced?

A

the liver

32
Q

What detects a decrease in BP and activates the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Baroreceptors (in blood vessels)

33
Q

What transformation does renin cause?

A

It turns angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

34
Q

What turns Angiotensin I into II?

A

ACE (angiotensin–converting enzyme), found in high quantities in the lungs

35
Q

What does angiotensin II do?

A

It increases blood pressure through multiple functions: increased vascular muscle contraction, increased sodium reabsoption and hydrogen excretion, stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

36
Q

What does the body release in response to hypertension?

A

the hear secretes atrial natriuretic peptide, a hormone that causes vasodilation and inhibits renin production

37
Q

What is the HPA axis?

A

the interactions between the hypothalmus pituitary and adrenals, related to experience of stress

38
Q

Name the 3 major hormones released in the HPA axis?

A

1) corticotropin–stimulating hormone (CRH)released by hypothalamus
2) Adrenocortotropic hormone (ACTH)released by anterior pituitary after being stimulated by CRH. Also secreted in response to certaininflammatory responses.
3) Glucocorticoid synthesis (esp cortisol) in adrenalsstimulated by ACTH

39
Q

what is pepsin and where is it produced?

A

breaks down proteins, produced in stomach

40
Q

What is cholecystokinin (CCK) and where is it produced?

A

It stimulates the digestion of fat and protein by triggering digestive enzyme release from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder
synthesized and secreted from the duodenum

41
Q

What is enteropeptidase and where is it produced?

A

activates trypsinogen into trypsin, produced in the duodenum

42
Q

What is trypsin and where is it formed?

A

It hydrolyzes proteins

Its precursor trypsinogen is produced in the pancreas, it is then activated in the small intestine

43
Q

What is gastrin and where is it produced?

A

It is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility.

It is released by G cells in the the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas.

44
Q

What inhibits the release of gastrin?

A

Higher HCL levels

Somostatin (aka growth–hormone–inhibitor)

45
Q

What triggers the release of gastrin?

A

Stomach antrum distension
vagal stimulation
the presence of partially digested proteins, especially amino acids, in the stomach
hypercalcemia

CNS Study Final (29 decks)

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