Glands Etc. Flashcards
Where are corticosteroids produced and what is their precursor?
Produced in the corext of the adrenals, precursor=cholesterol
Name 2 corticosteroids produced by the adrenals
Aldosterone and Cortisol
Name 2 catecholomine hormones produced by the adrenals
epinephrine and norepinephrine
What does epinephrine do?
increased heart rate, constriction of blood vessels––increased blood pressure
Where are androgens produced?
the adrenals
What is a precursor to estrogen?
Androgens
What arethe precursor and intermediary for norepinephrine?
tyrosine, dopamine
Where is aldosterone produced?
the adrenals
What is the role of aldosterone?
secreted in response to increased potassium or decreased sodium/decreased blood pressure. Produced in the adrenals, targets kidneys to promote sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, increases blood pressure
Where is cortisol secreted and what does it do?
secreted by the adrenals, it increases circulating glucose by increasing the utilization of amino acids for energy and stimulating the synthesis of glucose in the liver.
it also reduces osteoblast abilities/reduces calcium absorption
What does parathyroid hormone do?
increases concentration of ionic calcium in the blood, by directly stimulating osteoblasts, bone breaks down and releases calcium
increases gastrointestinal calcium absorption by activating vitamin D
promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys
it also acts on kidneys to inhibit reabsorption of phosphate, but D increases phosphate absorption
What hormone is the antagonist to PTH? Where is it produced?
calcitonin, produced by thyroid
Which gland links the nervous system to the endocrine system?
hypothalamus
What are the main roles of the hypothalamus?
regulation of body temp, water balance, metabolism, pituitary gland, limbic system (thirst, appetite, sex, pain, pleasure)
name 6 hormones produced by the hypothalamus
TRH(thyrotropin–releasing hormone) stimulates anterior pituitary release of TSH and prolactin
Corticotropin–releasing hormone—stimulates pituitary release of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone,which stimulates adrenal release of cortisol)
Growth–hormone–releasing–hormone Gonadotropin–releasing–hormone (stimulates FSH and KH from anterior pituitary) Somatostatin—inhibits growth hormone and TSH from anterior pituitary, also inhibits digestion
Prolactin inhibitory factor—constantly released. When it stops being released, pituitary releases prolactin
What gland does the hypothalamus send messages to?
Pituitary gland
Name 6 things the anterior pituitary produces
growth hormone
prolactin
adrenocorticotropic (stimulates adrenalproduction of cortisol)
thyroid–stimulating hormone (TSH)
luteinizing hormone (regulatesestrogen/testosterone)
follicle–stimulating hormone(stimulates release of eggs in women, normal sperm function in men)
Name 2 things the posterior pituitary produces
oxytocin antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Where do t cells mature and what part of the immune system do they belong to?
Thymus, adaptive immune system
What does the pineal gland do?
secretes melatonin
coordinates fertility hormones (FSH and LH from pituitary)
What do the ovaries secrete?
Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone
what is the role of progesterone?
converts endometriumto prepare for implantation. Lowersimmune system to keep body from attacking potential baby. If pregnancy does notoccur, progesterone levels decrease and menstruation occurs
what in a cell can produce cholesterol when LDL is unusually low?
the cell’s endoplasmic reticulum
Where is growth hormone produced?
anterior pituitary
where is prolactin produced?
anterior pituitary
where is adrenocorticotropic produced and what does it do?
anterior pituitary, (stimulates adrenalproduction of cortisol)
Where is TSH produced?
anterior pituitary
where is luteinizing hormone produced and what does it do?
anterior pituitary (regulates estrogen/testosterone)
where is follicle–stimulating hormone produced and what does it do?
anterior pituitary (stimulates release of eggs in women, normal sperm function in men)
What do the kidneys produce in response to lowered BP or lowered sodium?
Renin
Where is angiotensinogen produced?
the liver
What detects a decrease in BP and activates the sympathetic nervous system?
Baroreceptors (in blood vessels)
What transformation does renin cause?
It turns angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
What turns Angiotensin I into II?
ACE (angiotensin–converting enzyme), found in high quantities in the lungs
What does angiotensin II do?
It increases blood pressure through multiple functions: increased vascular muscle contraction, increased sodium reabsoption and hydrogen excretion, stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
What does the body release in response to hypertension?
the hear secretes atrial natriuretic peptide, a hormone that causes vasodilation and inhibits renin production
What is the HPA axis?
the interactions between the hypothalmus pituitary and adrenals, related to experience of stress
Name the 3 major hormones released in the HPA axis?
1) corticotropin–stimulating hormone (CRH)released by hypothalamus
2) Adrenocortotropic hormone (ACTH)released by anterior pituitary after being stimulated by CRH. Also secreted in response to certaininflammatory responses.
3) Glucocorticoid synthesis (esp cortisol) in adrenalsstimulated by ACTH
what is pepsin and where is it produced?
breaks down proteins, produced in stomach
What is cholecystokinin (CCK) and where is it produced?
It stimulates the digestion of fat and protein by triggering digestive enzyme release from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder
synthesized and secreted from the duodenum
What is enteropeptidase and where is it produced?
activates trypsinogen into trypsin, produced in the duodenum
What is trypsin and where is it formed?
It hydrolyzes proteins
Its precursor trypsinogen is produced in the pancreas, it is then activated in the small intestine
What is gastrin and where is it produced?
It is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility.
It is released by G cells in the the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas.
What inhibits the release of gastrin?
Higher HCL levels
Somostatin (aka growth–hormone–inhibitor)
What triggers the release of gastrin?
Stomach antrum distension
vagal stimulation
the presence of partially digested proteins, especially amino acids, in the stomach
hypercalcemia
