Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MGA > Meninges, Ventricles, Circle of Willis, Dural Venous Sinuses > Flashcards

Meninges, Ventricles, Circle of Willis, Dural Venous Sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

what does the epidural space contain in the spinal cord?

A

fat, internal vertebral venous plexus, is a true space between bone and dura mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does the subdural space contain in the spinal cord?

A

not a real space, it shouldn’t contain anything, between dura mater and arachnoid mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does the subarachnoid space contain in the spinal cord?

A

CSF! true space between arachnoid mater and pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the epidural space contain in the brain?

A

nothing, is not a real space. the periosteal layer of dura mater is tightly adhered to the bone, which eliminates the space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

explain the dura mater in the brain

A

there are 2 layers, periosteal and meningeal layer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the meningeal layer of the dura mater in the brain

A

is continuous with the spinal cord’s dura mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the subdural space contain in the brain?

A

nothing, is a potential space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what unique characteristic does brain arachnoid mater have?

A

arachnoid granulations that are small protrusions of arachnoid through the dura that absorb CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is in the subarachnoid space in the brain?

A

CSF, cerebral arteries and veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what could cause an epidural hematoma?

A

injury to pterion or other trauma that lacerates the middle meningeal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what type of bleed is required for an epidural hematoma?

A

an arterial bleed must occur to generate the amount of force needed to peel the tightly adherant periosteal dura mater from the skull.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

characteristics of epidural bleed

A
  1. between periosteal dura mater and skull 2. doesn’t cross suture lines 3. biconvex shape/lenticular shape caused by the dura being peeled away from the skull 4. usually a fracture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what could cause a subdural hematoma?

A

usually trauma, but not as much force. could be spontaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which populations are at greater risk for subdural hematoma?

A

elderly, alcoholics due to brain shriveling and breaking vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what type of bleed is characteristic of a subdural hematoma?

A

venous bleed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

characteristics of subdural bleed?

A
  1. between dura mater and arachnoid mater 2.may cross suture lines 3. crescent shape - follows the contour of the brain 4. no overlying fracture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what could cause a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

trauma (small and subtle), ruptured aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is subarachnoid hemorrhage usually associated with?

A

parenchymal, epidural, subdural bleeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

characteristic of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A
  1. high attenuation blood in fissures and cisterns of the brain, dives in the sulci (brain lights up) 2. between arachnoid and pia mater 3. ruptured aneurysm usually larger than post-trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the 4 dural reflections?

A
  1. falx cerebri 2. falx cerebelli 3. tentorium cerebellum 4. diaphragma sellae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the falx cerebri

A

the largest dural reflection that divides the 2 hemispheres of the brain at midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the falx cerebri contain?

A

superior sagittal sinus in the attached edge, and inferior sagittal sinus in the free edge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the falx cerebelli

A

divides the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum (sagitally)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the falx cerebelli contain?

A

occipital sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the tentorium cerebellum

A

dural reflection that divides cerebrum from cerebellum transversely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the diaphragma sellae

A

dural reflection that covers the pituitary gland, but the infundibular stalk pierces it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

which layer of the dura mater forms the dural reflections?

A

meningeal layer reflects off the periosteal layer and dives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the purpose of the tentorial notch?

A

to let structures through!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what occurs in a subfalcine herniation?

A

part of the brain herniates under the free edge of the falx cerebri, can occur due to an epidural bleed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what occurs in an uncal/tentorial herniation?

A

brain herniates into tentorial notch, can be extremely dangerous since the space there is so small. basillar artery and draining veins can be constricted and deprive brain of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what occurs in a tonsillar herniation?

A

tonsils or inferior aspect of the cerebellum herniates through the foramen magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what generally causes brain herniation?

A

any pressure on the brain causing it to go through a structure that is supposed to hold it in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what innervates the anterior cranial fossa?

A

meningeal branches of V1 (opthalmic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what innervates the middle cranial fossa?

A

meningeal branches of V2 (maxillary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what innervates the posterior cranial fossa?

A

mostly CNX (vagus), some C1-C3

36
Q

what makes up the anterior circulation of the brain?

A

internal carotid arterial system - from common carotid

37
Q

how does the internal carotid enter the skull?

A

enters calvarium through the carotid canal and passes through the cavernous sinus

38
Q

branches of the internal carotid arterial system?

A
  1. opthalmic artery 2. anterior cerebral arteries (A1, A2) 3. middle cerebral arteries 4. posterior communicating arteries
39
Q

what makes up the posterior circulation of the brain?

A

vertebral-basilar system - from subclavian artery

40
Q

where does the vertebral basilar system originate from?

A

subclavian artery

41
Q

where does the internal carotid system originate from>

A

common carotid from either right common carotid or left bronchocephalic

42
Q

how does the vertebral artery enter the skull?

A
  1. travels through transverse foramina of the cervical spine 2. enters calvarium through foramen magnum 3. joins contralateral vertebral artery @ pons-medullary junction to form the basilar artery
43
Q

what vessels are actually a part of the circle of willis?

A
  1. posterior cerebral 2. PCOM 3. internal carotid 4. anterior cerebral 1 5. ACOM
44
Q

why are middle cerebral, anterior cerebral 2, basilar and vertebral arteries technically part of the circle of willis?

A

because they are not redundant and collateral vessels that can protect the areas of the brain in case of blockage

45
Q

what is the purpose of the circle of willis?

A

to be a redundant system that provides collateral flow in case of a blockage/damage, connects internal carotid and vertebral-basilar arterial systems

46
Q

significance of CNIII

A

is between superior cerebellar and posterior cerebral arteries, if any swelling, CNIII is at risk to be impinged (oculomotor deficits)

47
Q

what does the vertebral artery terminate as?

A

posterior cerebral artery

48
Q

what is the most common area for a circle of willis aneurysm, what does it present as?

A

anterior communicating artery (40%), berry aneurysm

49
Q

what would an aneurysm of the circle of willis cause and why?

A

could cause atrophy of optic nerve and visual field deficits, because the optic chiasm is closely integrated with the circle of willis (ICA, ACOM, PCOM)

50
Q

what lines the dural venous sinuses?

A

endothelial lined

51
Q

what do the dural venous sinuses lie in between?

A

periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater

52
Q

unique characteristic of dural venous sinuses?

A

lack valves! are not one way

53
Q

where do all of the dural sinuses ultimately drain?

A

into internal jugular vein via jugular foramina

54
Q

what structures drain into the dural venous sinuses?

A
  1. bridging veins
  2. diploic veins
  3. emissary veins
  4. meningeal veins
  5. arachnoid granulations
55
Q

what are bridging veins?

A

veins draining the cerebrum and cerebellum, between the dura.

cross subarachnoid and subdural spaces and pierce meningeal dural mater to drain into the sinuses

56
Q

what are diploic veins?

A

veins that drain the flat bones of the calvarium (drains the skull bones)

57
Q

what are emissary veins?

A

connect the extracranial veins with intracranial dural sinuses (drain the scalp)

58
Q

importance of emissary veins

A

an infection on the scalp could drain into emissary veins into the dural sinuses, causing infection in the venous system of the brain

59
Q

what are meningeal veins?

A

drain the meninges (within meninges - usually dura)

60
Q

what are arachnoid granulations?

A

protrusions of the arachnoid mater that absorb CSF in the subarachnoid space and drain into the superior sagittal sinus to clear CSF (CSF is continually made)

61
Q

what could occur if arachnoid granulations are ineffective or not present?

A

buildup of CSF due to the granulations not being able to absorb and drain into the sinuses

62
Q

what is the largest dural sinus?

A

superior sagittal sinus

63
Q

where is the superior sagittal sinus?

A

attached edge of the falx cerebri

64
Q

where is the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

free edge of falx cerebri

65
Q

where is the straight sinus?

A

the attachment of the falx cerebri to tentorium cerebelli

66
Q

what forms the straight sinus?

A

confluence of the great cerebral vein of galen to the inferior sagittal sinus

67
Q

where is the occipital sinus?

A

the attached margin of the falx cerebelli

68
Q

what is the confluence of sinuses?

A

connection of superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, and occipital sinus

69
Q

trace the drainage of the dural sinuses from the great cerebral vein

A
  1. great cerebral vein joins the inferior sagittal sinus to make the straight sinus
  2. straight sinus, occipital and superior sagittal sinuses join at the confluence of sinuses
  3. confluence of sinuses drains into the left and right transverse sinuses
  4. transverse sinuses and the superior petrosal sinuses (including cavernous sinus) drain into the sigmoid sinuses
  5. inferior petrosal sinuses (including cavernous sinus) and sigmoid sinuses form the internal jugular vein
70
Q

what drains the cavernous sinus?

A

inferior and superior petrosal sinuses

71
Q

what is unique about the inferior petrosal sinus?

A

drains directly into the internal jugular vein/jugular foramen

72
Q

what does the cavernous sinus receive?

A

venous flow from deep veins of face and opthalmic veins

73
Q

where is the cavernous sinus?

A

on either side of the body of the sphenoid bone, from inner corner of eyes to the upper corner of the lips (triangle of death)

74
Q

why are cavernous sinuses called triangle of death?

A

infections in the face can cause infection in cavernous sinus and possibly into the eye, since cavernous sinus drains into superior and inferior petrosal sinuses, infection can get into the dural sinuses/CSF and cause death, can also put pressure on important nerves and arteries

75
Q

what are the nerves and arteries found in the cavernous sinus?

A

OTOM CAT

  1. oculomotor nerve (III)
  2. trochlear nerve (IV)
  3. opthalmic nerve (V1)
  4. maxillary nerve (V2)
  5. internal carotid artery
  6. abducens nerve (VI)
76
Q

which vessels exit through the superior orbital fissure

A
  1. oculomotor nerve (III)
  2. trochlear nerve (IV)
  3. opthalmic nerve (V1)
  4. abducens nerve (VI)
77
Q

what is the largest ventricle?

A

anterior horns of lateral ventricles

78
Q

purpose of the brain’s ventricular system

A

make and store CSF/circulate

79
Q

what connects the 3rd ventricle and the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle?

A

foramen of munro

80
Q

what connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle?

A

cerebral aqueduct

81
Q

where is CSF produced?

A

in the ventricles via the choroid plexus

82
Q

describe the flow of CSF through the ventricles?

A

lateral ventricle —> foramen of munro —> 3rd ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th ventricle —>foramina of luschka and foramen of magendie —> subarachnoid space —> arachnoid granulations absorb the CSF —> superior sagittal sinus —> convergence of sinuses —> transverse sinus —> sigmoid sinus —> jugular foramen

83
Q

what can cause hydrocephalus?

A
  1. overproduction of CSF
  2. obstruction of CSF flow
  3. inability of arachnoid granulations to absorb CSF
84
Q

where is the most common CSF flow obstruction and why?

A

cerebral aqueduct, because so small

85
Q

what could cause arachnoid granulations to not absorb CSF?

A

previous subarachnoid hemorrhage, blood clots clog the granulations

86
Q
A

MGA (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions