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MGA > Great Vessels and the Heart > Flashcards

Great Vessels and the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the anterior surface of the heart

A

the right ventricle mostly, some contribution of right atrium and left ventricle

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2
Q

what makes up the left pulmonary surface of the heart?

A

left ventricle and portion of left atrium

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3
Q

what makes up right pulmonary surface of the heart

A

right atrium

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4
Q

what makes up the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

A

left ventricle and some of right ventricle

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5
Q

what makes up the apex of the heart

A

the left ventricle, faces downward, to the left and slightly anteriorly

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6
Q

what separates the superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

sternal angle

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7
Q

what is the location of the mediastinum in proportion to midline?

A

it is shifted 2/3 left of midline

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8
Q

what divides the inferior mediastinum?

A

the pericardial sac divides it into anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum

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9
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

fibroserous sac (has continuous layers of fibrous and serous pericardium), surrounds heart and proximal great vessels

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10
Q

clinical application of fibrous pericardium?

A

non-distensible, so rapid accumulation of fluid within pericardial sac will compress the heart and result in biventricular failure (cardiac tamponade)

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11
Q

describe the serous pericardium

A

parietal and visceral layers are continuous with each other, around roots of great vesicles

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12
Q

what are the sinuses in the pericardium

A

transverse pericardial sinus and oblique pericardial sinus

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13
Q

where is the transverse pericardial sinus

A

superiorly, the pericardium surrounds aorta and pulmonary trunk, but when the pericardium is reflected, there is a space where a finger can slide behind the aorta and pulmonary trunks, and in front of the superior vena cava

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14
Q

where is the oblique pericardial sinus

A

posteriorly, when the heart is taken out of the body, the pericardium surrounds pulmonary veins and venae cavae

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15
Q

what causes semilunar valves to close?

A

when the ventricles contract, the aortic and pulmonary sinuses fill with blood and forces the cusps to close

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16
Q

what distinguishes the pulmonary semilunar valves from the aortic semilunar valves?

A

the aortic semilunar valves have openings for the coronary arteries in the cusps

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17
Q

what is the nodule of a semilunar valve and role?

A

thickened, middle portion of each cusp, helps to add weight to the cusp to help them close

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18
Q

what differentiates semilunar valves from the tricuspid and bicuspid valves?

A

they don’t have papillary muscles or chordae tendinae

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19
Q

what allows the right and left coronary arteries to fill?

A

during diastole, when the aortic sinuses begin to fill, blood is forced into the right and left coronary arteries that are “behind” the closed semilunar valves

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20
Q

muscle in the wall of atria?

A

pectinate

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21
Q

muscle in wall of ventricles?

A

trabeculae carnae

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22
Q

describe the valves of the tricuspid valve?

A

has anterior, septal and posterior cusps

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23
Q

describe the valves of the bicuspid valve?

A

anterior and posterior cusps

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24
Q

what muscles assist in opening the bicuspid and tricuspid valves?

A

papillary muscles that are attached to chordae tendineae

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25
Q

which is the largest papillary muscle in the right ventricle?

A

the anterior papillary muscle

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26
Q

which are the pulmonary semilunar valves?

A

anterior, right, and left semilunar cusps

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27
Q

what are the aortic semilunar valves?

A

posterior, right and left semilunar cusps

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28
Q

what is the crista terminalis?

A

the division of pectinate muscle and smooth interior of right atrium, correlates with the sulcus terminales outside

29
Q

where is the fossa ovalis?

A

between right and left atria, is a smooth depression

30
Q

what is the fossa ovalis?

A

where the foramen ovale was in the fetus

31
Q

what was the role of the foramen ovale?

A

allowed oxygenated blood from the inferior vena cava that enters the right atrium to directly enter the left atrium and bypass the fetal lungs

32
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus?

A

connected the pulmonary trunk to the arch of the aorta, which allowed bypass of the lungs, became ligamentum arteriosum

33
Q

in the fetal heart, where does the superior vena cava empty?

A

directly into the right atrioventricular orifice into the right ventricle, through the pulmonary trunk shunted to the ductus arteriosus

34
Q

in the fetal heart, where does the inferior vena cava empty?

A

into the right atrium, which is shunted through the foramen ovale to the left atrium to go to left ventricle and aorta

35
Q

what is the coronary sulcus?

A

separates the atria from the ventricles, and contains the right coronary artery

36
Q

what is the anterior interventricular groove?

A

separates the ventricles, and contains the anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending artery from the left coronary artery)

37
Q

what supplies the SA node?

A

right coronary artery

38
Q

where is the opening of the coronary sinus?

A

next to the valve of the inferior vena cava, coronary sinus has a valve too

39
Q

site of the AV node?

A

in interatrial septum near coronary sinus opening

40
Q

pathway of signal conduction of the heart

A

SA node, AV node, bundle of His (AV bundle), right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

41
Q

where is the bundle of His

A

in membranous part of intraventricular septum

42
Q

where are the purkinje fibers?

A

in the muscle of ventricles (walls)

43
Q

where are the right and left bundle branches?

A

in the muscular portion of the IV septum

44
Q

what is the septomarginal trabecula?

A

the moderator band, connects the anterior papillary muscle in the right ventricle to the muscular part of IV septum

45
Q

site of SA node

A

near opening of SVC in right atrium

46
Q

what regulates rate, force of contraction and CO?

A

autonomic system

47
Q

what is the effect of the parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?

A

decreased HR, reduced force of contraction, constriction of coronary arteries

48
Q

what is the effect of the sympathetic stimulation of the heart?

A

increases HR and force of contraction

49
Q

what is the treatment for CAD?

A

drugs, bypass graft, angioplasty, stent

50
Q

what is CAD?

A

heart muscle is not receiving sufficient blood supply, due to narrowing of vessels due to atherosclerosis, artery spasm or clot

51
Q

what is MI?

A

death of area of heart muscle that is replaced by scar tissue from a lack of O2

52
Q

what are the prognostic factors for MI?

A

location of occlusion, size of occlusion, how long occluded

53
Q

what is angina pectoris?

A

chest pain from ischemia of cardiac muscle

54
Q

what is CABG?

A

coronary artery bypass grafting, where a vein is used from elsewhere in the body (internal thoracic or saphenous) and flipped upside down (so valves don’t stop blood flow) to supply an ischemic heart

55
Q

what is a coronary angioplasty?

A

balloon catheter is threaded through obstruction, inflated, squashing the plaque and stretching the arterial wall

56
Q

what vein runs with the right marginal artery?

A

small cardiac vein

57
Q

what vein runs with the LAD?

A

the great cardiac vein (LAD becomes GLAD)

58
Q

what vein runs with the posterior interventricular artery (posterior descending artery, PDA)

A

middle cardiac vein (middle schoolers love PDA)

59
Q

where to listen to heart sounds?

A

pulmonary, aortic, mitral, tricuspid

60
Q

where to listen to pulmonary heart sounds?

A

left upper sternal border, medial end of the left second intercostal space

61
Q

where to listen to aortic heart sounds?

A

right upper sternal border, medial end of the right second intercostal space

62
Q

where to listen to mitral heart sounds?

A

5th left intercostal space over the apex of the heart along midclavicular line

63
Q

where to listen to tricuspid sounds?

A

4th left intercostal space, to the left of the sternum near the 5th intercostal space

64
Q

what branches off the RCA?

A

atrial branch, right marginal branch, PDA (posterior interventricular branch)

65
Q

what branches off the LCA?

A

LAD (anterior interventricular branch), circumflex branch, which gives rise to left marginal branch

66
Q

what supplies the AV node?

A

the end of RCA posteriorly

67
Q

what supplies the SA node?

A

the atrial branch of the RCA

68
Q

what is right dominant coronary artery?

A

where the PDA rises from the RCA (most are right dominant)

69
Q

what is left dominant coronary artery?

A

where the PDA arises from the circumflex branch of the LDA

MGA (27 decks)

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