Memory; history

Question 1

Aristotle

Answer 1

Empiricist who had the idea that memories are composed of associations amoung stimuli/experiences.

View still seen today;
- priming
- interference
- creation of false memories

Question 2

Method of loci

Answer 2

‘placing’ information somewhere to use later. Idea from the Rhetorica ad Herennium

Question 3

Darwin

Answer 3

Study on bees revieled memory stages in behaviour which supported efforts in foraging honey (conditioning , Menzel)

Question 4

Ebbinghaus

Answer 4

Founder of modern psychology, Forgetting curve/learning curve

Question 5

Jost’s law

Answer 5

If two memory traces have equal retrieval probability, but different ages, the older will
- be forgotten more slowly than the younger
- benefit more from additional learning

Question 6

Bartlett

Answer 6

Influence of prior knowledge. Suggested memories are fragmentary and incomplete, and therefore constructed. Memories are complemented by known information

Question 7

Neurobiology

Answer 7

Lasley
created lesions in mice, couldn’t localize memory so saw it as function of the whole brain

Ribot
Gradient/law (older memories decay last)

Hebb
Cells that fire together wire together

Question 8

Cognitive revolution

Answer 8

After behaviourism, revolution in 50s/60s laid more focus on cognition. Started w computer science (hard disk (LTM) and RAM (STM))
* Memory is now viewed as carrier of information that is manipulated during cognition

Miller; short-term memory and “7+2” and higher order information

Broadbent: attention + attention selection

Atkinson/Shiffrin: sensory -> STS -> LTS

Baddeley and Hitch; …

Tulving: Episodic, semantic and procedural

Squire: declarative vs non-declarative