MCAT BIO CH.5 PART 2 Flashcards
How many ATP molecules does aerobic respiration produce?
32 ATP
How many ATP molecules come from fermentation?
2 ATP
How to bacteria reproduce based on sexe?
Asexually
What is binary fission?
Synthesize enough cellular components for two cells, replicates the genome and divides in two
How is asexually reproduction different in prokaryotes than eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes don’t go through mitosis
What is conjugation in bacterias?
Exchanging genetic information
What is the log phase for bacteria?
Bacteria in ideal condition reproducing exponentially
How is the line on the graph during the log phase?
Bacteria growth linearly
What is lag phase for bacteria?
Bacteria that were not previously growing even if conditions were ideal
If growth conditions are ideal, why wouldn’t cell division occur immediately?
Lag period is the time when biosynthetic pathways are actively producing new cellular components for cells to begin dividing
What is stationary phase for bacteria?
Cells cease to divide for lack of nutrients
What is the carrying capacity in bacteria (and animals)?
Maximum population at the stationary phase
What can some bacteria form in unfavorable growth conditions? Which bacteria?
Endospores; gram-positive bacteria
What are the physical features of endospores?
Tough, thick external shells with peptidoglycan
What are found inside the endospores? Why?
Genome, ribosomes and RNA; metabolical activity when conditions become avoidable
What is a special ability endospores have?
Can survive at super hot conditions
What is the metabolic reactivation of an endospore called?
Germination
Why can’t bacteria increase their population through spore formation?
Only a single bacterium is able to form only one spore per cell
What are the three methods for bacteria to exchange genetic material?
- Transduction
- Transformation
- Conjugation
What is transduction in bacteria?
Transfer of genomic DNA from one bacterium to another by a lysogenic phage
What is transformation in bacteria?
If pure DNA is added to a bacterial culture, bacteria can gaining genetic information in the DNA
How does conjugation in bacteria begin?
Bacteria make physical contact and form a bridge between the cells
What happens in conjugation once the bridge is formed between two cells?
One cell copies DNA and copy is transferred through the bridge to the other cell
What is a key bacterial conjugation?
Extrachromosomal element known as the F (fertility) factor
What are male bacterias?
Have the F factor or F+
What are female bacterias?
Have no F factor or F-
What happens when a female and male bacterias conjugate?
Males will transfer the F factor to female cells, females will receive the F Factor to become male
What is the physical structure F factor, based on bacteria? What does it contain?
Since circular DNA molecule; many genes, some involved in conjugation
Which cell will produce sex pili, male or female?
Male bacteria since it contains F factor that encodes for pili production
When does a conjugation form based on bacteria?
After the male cell produces sex pili and the pili contact a female cell
What does Hfr stand for?
High frequency of recombination cell
What is an Hfr cell?
A cell with the F factor integrate into its genome
Bacterial genes cannot be transferred into F- cells from Hfr cells. T/F
False: since replication of F factor DNA continues into bacterial genes, its a possibility
What can Hfr bacteria be used to do?
Provide a mechanism mapping the bacterial genome by analyzing recipient cells to see what genes were transferred
What are Archaeans?
Organisms that live in the world’s most extreme environments
Why do archaeans differ from bacteria?
Cell walls lack peptidoglycan
What traits do archaeans share with eukaryotes?
Presence of introns and the use of many similar mRNA sequences
How do archaeans reproduce and why?
Reproduce via fission or budding because they are single-celled
What are the types of parasites?
Obligate and facultative
What are obligate parasites?
They must be inside a host cell to replicate
What are facultative parasites?
They can live and replicate in or out of host cell
What are symbiotic bacteria?
Coexist with a host and both benefit
What is an example of a symbiotic bacteria?
Rhizobia genus, cyanobacteria
How is Rhizobia genus an example of symbiotic bacteria?
They fix the nitrogen in the nodules that exist on the roots of legumes
How is cyanobacteria an example of symbiotic bacteria?
Responsible for nitrogen fixing in marine environments
What is the purpose of the gut flora in humans?
Responsible for the production of vitamin K necessary for blood clotting and feeding off undigested material
