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MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS > MCAT BIO CH.5 PART 2 > Flashcards

MCAT BIO CH.5 PART 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many ATP molecules does aerobic respiration produce?

A

32 ATP

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2
Q

How many ATP molecules come from fermentation?

A

2 ATP

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3
Q

How to bacteria reproduce based on sexe?

A

Asexually

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4
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Synthesize enough cellular components for two cells, replicates the genome and divides in two

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5
Q

How is asexually reproduction different in prokaryotes than eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes don’t go through mitosis

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6
Q

What is conjugation in bacterias?

A

Exchanging genetic information

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7
Q

What is the log phase for bacteria?

A

Bacteria in ideal condition reproducing exponentially

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8
Q

How is the line on the graph during the log phase?

A

Bacteria growth linearly

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9
Q

What is lag phase for bacteria?

A

Bacteria that were not previously growing even if conditions were ideal

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10
Q

If growth conditions are ideal, why wouldn’t cell division occur immediately?

A

Lag period is the time when biosynthetic pathways are actively producing new cellular components for cells to begin dividing

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11
Q

What is stationary phase for bacteria?

A

Cells cease to divide for lack of nutrients

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12
Q

What is the carrying capacity in bacteria (and animals)?

A

Maximum population at the stationary phase

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13
Q

What can some bacteria form in unfavorable growth conditions? Which bacteria?

A

Endospores; gram-positive bacteria

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14
Q

What are the physical features of endospores?

A

Tough, thick external shells with peptidoglycan

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15
Q

What are found inside the endospores? Why?

A

Genome, ribosomes and RNA; metabolical activity when conditions become avoidable

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16
Q

What is a special ability endospores have?

A

Can survive at super hot conditions

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17
Q

What is the metabolic reactivation of an endospore called?

A

Germination

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18
Q

Why can’t bacteria increase their population through spore formation?

A

Only a single bacterium is able to form only one spore per cell

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19
Q

What are the three methods for bacteria to exchange genetic material?

A
  1. Transduction
  2. Transformation
  3. Conjugation
20
Q

What is transduction in bacteria?

A

Transfer of genomic DNA from one bacterium to another by a lysogenic phage

21
Q

What is transformation in bacteria?

A

If pure DNA is added to a bacterial culture, bacteria can gaining genetic information in the DNA

22
Q

How does conjugation in bacteria begin?

A

Bacteria make physical contact and form a bridge between the cells

23
Q

What happens in conjugation once the bridge is formed between two cells?

A

One cell copies DNA and copy is transferred through the bridge to the other cell

24
Q

What is a key bacterial conjugation?

A

Extrachromosomal element known as the F (fertility) factor

25
Q

What are male bacterias?

A

Have the F factor or F+

26
Q

What are female bacterias?

A

Have no F factor or F-

27
Q

What happens when a female and male bacterias conjugate?

A

Males will transfer the F factor to female cells, females will receive the F Factor to become male

28
Q

What is the physical structure F factor, based on bacteria? What does it contain?

A

Since circular DNA molecule; many genes, some involved in conjugation

29
Q

Which cell will produce sex pili, male or female?

A

Male bacteria since it contains F factor that encodes for pili production

30
Q

When does a conjugation form based on bacteria?

A

After the male cell produces sex pili and the pili contact a female cell

31
Q

What does Hfr stand for?

A

High frequency of recombination cell

32
Q

What is an Hfr cell?

A

A cell with the F factor integrate into its genome

33
Q

Bacterial genes cannot be transferred into F- cells from Hfr cells. T/F

A

False: since replication of F factor DNA continues into bacterial genes, its a possibility

34
Q

What can Hfr bacteria be used to do?

A

Provide a mechanism mapping the bacterial genome by analyzing recipient cells to see what genes were transferred

35
Q

What are Archaeans?

A

Organisms that live in the world’s most extreme environments

36
Q

Why do archaeans differ from bacteria?

A

Cell walls lack peptidoglycan

37
Q

What traits do archaeans share with eukaryotes?

A

Presence of introns and the use of many similar mRNA sequences

38
Q

How do archaeans reproduce and why?

A

Reproduce via fission or budding because they are single-celled

39
Q

What are the types of parasites?

A

Obligate and facultative

40
Q

What are obligate parasites?

A

They must be inside a host cell to replicate

41
Q

What are facultative parasites?

A

They can live and replicate in or out of host cell

42
Q

What are symbiotic bacteria?

A

Coexist with a host and both benefit

43
Q

What is an example of a symbiotic bacteria?

A

Rhizobia genus, cyanobacteria

44
Q

How is Rhizobia genus an example of symbiotic bacteria?

A

They fix the nitrogen in the nodules that exist on the roots of legumes

45
Q

How is cyanobacteria an example of symbiotic bacteria?

A

Responsible for nitrogen fixing in marine environments

46
Q

What is the purpose of the gut flora in humans?

A

Responsible for the production of vitamin K necessary for blood clotting and feeding off undigested material

MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS (23 decks)

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