MCAT BIO CH.5 PART 2

Question 1

How many ATP molecules does aerobic respiration produce?

Answer 1

32 ATP

Question 2

How many ATP molecules come from fermentation?

Answer 2

2 ATP

Question 3

How to bacteria reproduce based on sexe?

Answer 3

Asexually

Question 4

What is binary fission?

Answer 4

Synthesize enough cellular components for two cells, replicates the genome and divides in two

Question 5

How is asexually reproduction different in prokaryotes than eukaryotes?

Answer 5

Prokaryotes don’t go through mitosis

Question 6

What is conjugation in bacterias?

Answer 6

Exchanging genetic information

Question 7

What is the log phase for bacteria?

Answer 7

Bacteria in ideal condition reproducing exponentially

Question 8

How is the line on the graph during the log phase?

Answer 8

Bacteria growth linearly

Question 9

What is lag phase for bacteria?

Answer 9

Bacteria that were not previously growing even if conditions were ideal

Question 10

If growth conditions are ideal, why wouldn’t cell division occur immediately?

Answer 10

Lag period is the time when biosynthetic pathways are actively producing new cellular components for cells to begin dividing

Question 11

What is stationary phase for bacteria?

Answer 11

Cells cease to divide for lack of nutrients

Question 12

What is the carrying capacity in bacteria (and animals)?

Answer 12

Maximum population at the stationary phase

Question 13

What can some bacteria form in unfavorable growth conditions? Which bacteria?

Answer 13

Endospores; gram-positive bacteria

Question 14

What are the physical features of endospores?

Answer 14

Tough, thick external shells with peptidoglycan

Question 15

What are found inside the endospores? Why?

Answer 15

Genome, ribosomes and RNA; metabolical activity when conditions become avoidable

Question 16

What is a special ability endospores have?

Answer 16

Can survive at super hot conditions

Question 17

What is the metabolic reactivation of an endospore called?

Answer 17

Germination

Question 18

Why can’t bacteria increase their population through spore formation?

Answer 18

Only a single bacterium is able to form only one spore per cell

Question 19

What are the three methods for bacteria to exchange genetic material?

Answer 19

1. Transduction
2. Transformation
3. Conjugation

Question 20

What is transduction in bacteria?

Answer 20

Transfer of genomic DNA from one bacterium to another by a lysogenic phage

Question 21

What is transformation in bacteria?

Answer 21

If pure DNA is added to a bacterial culture, bacteria can gaining genetic information in the DNA

Question 22

How does conjugation in bacteria begin?

Answer 22

Bacteria make physical contact and form a bridge between the cells

Question 23

What happens in conjugation once the bridge is formed between two cells?

Answer 23

One cell copies DNA and copy is transferred through the bridge to the other cell

Question 24

What is a key bacterial conjugation?

Answer 24

Extrachromosomal element known as the F (fertility) factor

Question 25

What are male bacterias?

Answer 25

Have the F factor or F+

Question 26

What are female bacterias?

Answer 26

Have no F factor or F-

Question 27

What happens when a female and male bacterias conjugate?

Answer 27

Males will transfer the F factor to female cells, females will receive the F Factor to become male

Question 28

What is the physical structure F factor, based on bacteria? What does it contain?

Answer 28

Since circular DNA molecule; many genes, some involved in conjugation

Question 29

Which cell will produce sex pili, male or female?

Answer 29

Male bacteria since it contains F factor that encodes for pili production

Question 30

When does a conjugation form based on bacteria?

Answer 30

After the male cell produces sex pili and the pili contact a female cell

Question 31

What does Hfr stand for?

Answer 31

High frequency of recombination cell

Question 32

What is an Hfr cell?

Answer 32

A cell with the F factor integrate into its genome

Question 33

Bacterial genes cannot be transferred into F- cells from Hfr cells. T/F

Answer 33

False: since replication of F factor DNA continues into bacterial genes, its a possibility

Question 34

What can Hfr bacteria be used to do?

Answer 34

Provide a mechanism mapping the bacterial genome by analyzing recipient cells to see what genes were transferred

Question 35

What are Archaeans?

Answer 35

Organisms that live in the world's most extreme environments

Question 36

Why do archaeans differ from bacteria?

Answer 36

Cell walls lack peptidoglycan

Question 37

What traits do archaeans share with eukaryotes?

Answer 37

Presence of introns and the use of many similar mRNA sequences

Question 38

How do archaeans reproduce and why?

Answer 38

Reproduce via fission or budding because they are single-celled

Question 39

What are the types of parasites?

Answer 39

Obligate and facultative

Question 40

What are obligate parasites?

Answer 40

They must be inside a host cell to replicate

Question 41

What are facultative parasites?

Answer 41

They can live and replicate in or out of host cell

Question 42

What are symbiotic bacteria?

Answer 42

Coexist with a host and both benefit

Question 43

What is an example of a symbiotic bacteria?

Answer 43

Rhizobia genus, cyanobacteria

Question 44

How is Rhizobia genus an example of symbiotic bacteria?

Answer 44

They fix the nitrogen in the nodules that exist on the roots of legumes

Question 45

How is cyanobacteria an example of symbiotic bacteria?

Answer 45

Responsible for nitrogen fixing in marine environments

Question 46

What is the purpose of the gut flora in humans?

Answer 46

Responsible for the production of vitamin K necessary for blood clotting and feeding off undigested material