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MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS > Bio Class 2 > Flashcards

Bio Class 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Gain of oxygen, lose electrons

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2
Q

What is reduction?

A

Lose oxygen, gain electrons

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3
Q

What happens to the H in oxidation?

A

Lose of hydrogen

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4
Q

What happens to the H in reduction?

A

Gain of hydrogen

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5
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol

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6
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

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7
Q

Where does PDC/Krebs cycle occur?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

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8
Q

Is PDC / Kreb’s aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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9
Q

Where does ETC / Oxidative Phosphorylation occur?

A

Inner memberane of mitochondria

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10
Q

IS ETC / oxidative phosphorylation anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Aerobic

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11
Q

What happens at the end of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

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12
Q

How starts the glycolysis chain?

A

Glucose

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13
Q

What happens when phosphorylation and isomerization happens to glucose, what is it called?

A

Fructose-6-P

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14
Q

What energies are used in glycolysis?

A
  1. 2 ATPs used
  2. 4 ATPS removed
  3. 2 NADH removed
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15
Q

What is the delta G of glycolysis?

A

Negative

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16
Q

What are negative G reactions used for, usually in the body (ex. glycolysis)?

A

Generally regulated

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17
Q

What do we call an enzyme that phosphorylates?

A

Kinase

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18
Q

What does a phophorylase does?

A

Inorganic phosphate and stick it on to something else

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19
Q

What is the difference between kinase and phosphorylase?

A

Kinase used a high energy phosphate molecule

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20
Q

What enzyme is use to phosphorylase fructose?

A

Phosphofructokinase

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21
Q

How is Phosphofructokinase regulated?

A

Inhibited by ATP

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22
Q

What dephosphorylates pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate kinase

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23
Q

What inhibits pyruvate kinase?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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24
Q

What happens to pyruvate in PDC?

A

Goes into Acetyl-CoA

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25
Q

What does PDC stand for?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

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26
Q

How many carbons and what happens to its carbon chain and the end of glycolysis?

A

3C pyruvate

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27
Q

What is released to transform 3C pyruvate to 2C acetyl-CoA?

A

Carbon dioxide

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28
Q

What is produced in PDC based on energy?

A

NADH

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29
Q

What is product created at the end of Krebs cycle?

A

OAA oxaloacetate

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30
Q

What is the nameo of the 6C molecule that is created from acetyl-CoA and OAA?

A

Critic acid and tricarboxylic acid

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31
Q

What are the energy molecules that are created at the end of Kreb’s Cycle?

A

6 NADH
2 GTPs
2 FADH

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32
Q

What are the energy molecules that are created at the end of Kreb’s Cycle?

A

6 NADH
2 GTPs
2 FADH

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33
Q

What are the two goals of electron transport chain?

A
  1. Oxidize the electron carriers

2. Make ATP

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34
Q

What is between the inner membrane and outer membrane of the mitochondria?

A

Intermembrane space

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35
Q

What are the inner membrane composed of, in the mitochondria?

A

Proteins transports

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36
Q

What are the small proteins in the inner membrane?

A

Carriers

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37
Q

What are the large proteins in the inner membrane of the mito?

A

Proton pump

38
Q

What is the first electron carrier that uses the first proton pump in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH to NAD+

39
Q

What does the proton pump do?

A

Pumps proton (H+) into the inner membrane space

40
Q

What happens to the matrix based on the proton pump in mito?

A

Matrix is losing H ions so less acidic

41
Q

What is the final acceptor of EC?

A

Oxygen which when it accepts the electrons, become H2O

42
Q

What does FADH2 does that is differently in ETC?

A

Donates electron to the small carrie in the ETC

43
Q

How do we make useable energy I ETC?

A

ATP Synthase pumps proton out

44
Q

What are the name of the carriers in the inner membrane?

A

Co-enzyme Q and cytochrome C

45
Q

What is the name for the large proton pumps in inner membrane?

A
  1. Co-enzyme Q reductase
  2. CytC reductase
  3. CytC oxidase
46
Q

What does NADH equal in ATP?

A

3.5 ATP

47
Q

What does FADH2 equal in ATP?

A

1.5 ATP

48
Q

What does GTP equal in ATP?

A

1 ATP

49
Q

How many ATPs do we get in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, based on glycolysis, Krebs and ETC?

A

30 ATP in eukaryotes

32 ATP in prokaryotes

50
Q

What do you have at the end of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate

51
Q

What is the process when there is no oxygen?

A

Fermentation

52
Q

What happens in pyruvate in fermentation?

A
  1. Reduced to Ethanol

2. Reduced to Lactic acid

53
Q

Since pyruvate gets reduced in fermentation, what is being oxidized?

A

NADH to NAD+

54
Q

What is removed when pyruvate transforms into ethanol?

A

CO2

55
Q

What is the problem with fermentation?

A
  1. Not enough ATP

2. End products are toxic

56
Q

What happens when there is too much lactic acid?

A

Can change pH in muscles

57
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Reverse of glycolysis

58
Q

When is glucogenesis favored?

A

Low glucose levels and high ATP levels

59
Q

What is the first step of gluconeogensis?

A

Pyruvate transformed in 2 OAA (2 4C)

60
Q

After OAA is formed in gluconeogenesis, what gets created?

A

2 PEP (2 3C-P)

61
Q

What enzyme converts pyruvate into OAA in gluconeo?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

62
Q

What enzyme converts OAA into PEP?

A

PEP carboxykinase

63
Q

What enzyme converts fruc-1,6-biphosphateinto fructose-6-phos…?

A

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

64
Q

What enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate into glucose?

A

G-6-phosphatase

65
Q

What are reciprocal regulations?

A

The same molecule regulates two opposing enzymes in opposite ways

66
Q

How is insulin a hormonal regulator?

A

Insulin stimulates Fru-2,6-bisP which stimulates PFK and increase glycolysis

67
Q

How is glucagon a hormonal regulator?

A

Insulin decreases Fru-2,6-bisP which stimulates glycogenesis

68
Q

What to know about hormones?

A
  1. Gland that makes it
  2. What triggers its release
  3. Target organs
  4. Specific effect on targets
  5. General effect in body
69
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Formation of glycogen

70
Q

How are glycogen created?

A

Glucose monomers get converted to glycogen polymer

71
Q

Where is glycogen soared?

A

Stores mainly in liver and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscle

72
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen break down

73
Q

When is glycogen created?

A

High sugar conditions

74
Q

Which hormones are produced during glyogensis?

A

Glucagon and epinephrine

75
Q

What gets converted in glycogenolysis?

A

Converted to glucose monomers

76
Q

How does glucose get converted in glucose 6P in glycogenesis?

A

Hexokinase converts it

77
Q

What does phosphoglucomutase do?

A

Shifts phosphorus to the 1 carbon

Converts glu-6P to glu-1P

78
Q

What enzymes helps in the conversion of glucose 1P into glycogen?

A

UTP and Glycogen synthase

79
Q

What enzymes helps in the conversion of glycogen into glucose 1P?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

80
Q

What is a shunt in biochemistry?

A

A detour

81
Q

What is a pentose phosphate pathway considered?

A

A hexose monophosphate shunt

82
Q

What is the purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway based on NADH?

A
  1. Reducing power to help neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  2. Reducing power for fatty acid synthesis
83
Q

What is the purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway based on ribose 5-phosphate?

A
  1. Nucleotide synthesis
84
Q

How do we store fats primarily?

A

Triglycerides

85
Q

How can we use the triglyceride?

A

Convert into glycerol and fatty acids

86
Q

What do fatty acids go through to break it down?

A

Beta oxidation to break it down

87
Q

What happens during fatty acid activation?

A

Use 2 ATP to attach Co-enzyme A

88
Q

What happens once Co-enzyme A has attached to the fatty acid?

A

Molecule moves through the cytosol into the matrix

89
Q

What happens to the fatty acid coenzyme A when It is in the matrix?

A

Undergoes B-Oxidation

90
Q

What does B-oxidation allow for the fatty acid to do?

A

Enter the Krebs cycle by breaking it down to 2C molecules

91
Q

Fatty acid synthesis occurs where?

A

In the cytosol

92
Q

What are the starting molecules of fatty acid synthesis?

A
  1. Acetyl-CoA

2. Malonyl-CoA

MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS (23 decks)

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