Bio Class 2 Flashcards
What is oxidation?
Gain of oxygen, lose electrons
What is reduction?
Lose oxygen, gain electrons
What happens to the H in oxidation?
Lose of hydrogen
What happens to the H in reduction?
Gain of hydrogen
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytosol
Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?
Aerobic
Where does PDC/Krebs cycle occur?
Matrix of mitochondria
Is PDC / Kreb’s aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic
Where does ETC / Oxidative Phosphorylation occur?
Inner memberane of mitochondria
IS ETC / oxidative phosphorylation anaerobic or aerobic?
Aerobic
What happens at the end of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
How starts the glycolysis chain?
Glucose
What happens when phosphorylation and isomerization happens to glucose, what is it called?
Fructose-6-P
What energies are used in glycolysis?
- 2 ATPs used
- 4 ATPS removed
- 2 NADH removed
What is the delta G of glycolysis?
Negative
What are negative G reactions used for, usually in the body (ex. glycolysis)?
Generally regulated
What do we call an enzyme that phosphorylates?
Kinase
What does a phophorylase does?
Inorganic phosphate and stick it on to something else
What is the difference between kinase and phosphorylase?
Kinase used a high energy phosphate molecule
What enzyme is use to phosphorylase fructose?
Phosphofructokinase
How is Phosphofructokinase regulated?
Inhibited by ATP
What dephosphorylates pyruvate?
Pyruvate kinase
What inhibits pyruvate kinase?
Acetyl-CoA
What happens to pyruvate in PDC?
Goes into Acetyl-CoA
What does PDC stand for?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
How many carbons and what happens to its carbon chain and the end of glycolysis?
3C pyruvate
What is released to transform 3C pyruvate to 2C acetyl-CoA?
Carbon dioxide
What is produced in PDC based on energy?
NADH
What is product created at the end of Krebs cycle?
OAA oxaloacetate
What is the nameo of the 6C molecule that is created from acetyl-CoA and OAA?
Critic acid and tricarboxylic acid
What are the energy molecules that are created at the end of Kreb’s Cycle?
6 NADH
2 GTPs
2 FADH
What are the energy molecules that are created at the end of Kreb’s Cycle?
6 NADH
2 GTPs
2 FADH
What are the two goals of electron transport chain?
- Oxidize the electron carriers
2. Make ATP
What is between the inner membrane and outer membrane of the mitochondria?
Intermembrane space
What are the inner membrane composed of, in the mitochondria?
Proteins transports
What are the small proteins in the inner membrane?
Carriers
What are the large proteins in the inner membrane of the mito?
Proton pump
What is the first electron carrier that uses the first proton pump in the electron transport chain?
NADH to NAD+
What does the proton pump do?
Pumps proton (H+) into the inner membrane space
What happens to the matrix based on the proton pump in mito?
Matrix is losing H ions so less acidic
What is the final acceptor of EC?
Oxygen which when it accepts the electrons, become H2O
What does FADH2 does that is differently in ETC?
Donates electron to the small carrie in the ETC
How do we make useable energy I ETC?
ATP Synthase pumps proton out
What are the name of the carriers in the inner membrane?
Co-enzyme Q and cytochrome C
What is the name for the large proton pumps in inner membrane?
- Co-enzyme Q reductase
- CytC reductase
- CytC oxidase
What does NADH equal in ATP?
3.5 ATP
What does FADH2 equal in ATP?
1.5 ATP
What does GTP equal in ATP?
1 ATP
How many ATPs do we get in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, based on glycolysis, Krebs and ETC?
30 ATP in eukaryotes
32 ATP in prokaryotes
What do you have at the end of glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate
What is the process when there is no oxygen?
Fermentation
What happens in pyruvate in fermentation?
- Reduced to Ethanol
2. Reduced to Lactic acid
Since pyruvate gets reduced in fermentation, what is being oxidized?
NADH to NAD+
What is removed when pyruvate transforms into ethanol?
CO2
What is the problem with fermentation?
- Not enough ATP
2. End products are toxic
What happens when there is too much lactic acid?
Can change pH in muscles
What is gluconeogenesis?
Reverse of glycolysis
When is glucogenesis favored?
Low glucose levels and high ATP levels
What is the first step of gluconeogensis?
Pyruvate transformed in 2 OAA (2 4C)
After OAA is formed in gluconeogenesis, what gets created?
2 PEP (2 3C-P)
What enzyme converts pyruvate into OAA in gluconeo?
Pyruvate carboxylase
What enzyme converts OAA into PEP?
PEP carboxykinase
What enzyme converts fruc-1,6-biphosphateinto fructose-6-phos…?
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
What enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate into glucose?
G-6-phosphatase
What are reciprocal regulations?
The same molecule regulates two opposing enzymes in opposite ways
How is insulin a hormonal regulator?
Insulin stimulates Fru-2,6-bisP which stimulates PFK and increase glycolysis
How is glucagon a hormonal regulator?
Insulin decreases Fru-2,6-bisP which stimulates glycogenesis
What to know about hormones?
- Gland that makes it
- What triggers its release
- Target organs
- Specific effect on targets
- General effect in body
What is glycogenesis?
Formation of glycogen
How are glycogen created?
Glucose monomers get converted to glycogen polymer
Where is glycogen soared?
Stores mainly in liver and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscle
What is glycogenolysis?
Glycogen break down
When is glycogen created?
High sugar conditions
Which hormones are produced during glyogensis?
Glucagon and epinephrine
What gets converted in glycogenolysis?
Converted to glucose monomers
How does glucose get converted in glucose 6P in glycogenesis?
Hexokinase converts it
What does phosphoglucomutase do?
Shifts phosphorus to the 1 carbon
Converts glu-6P to glu-1P
What enzymes helps in the conversion of glucose 1P into glycogen?
UTP and Glycogen synthase
What enzymes helps in the conversion of glycogen into glucose 1P?
Glycogen phosphorylase
What is a shunt in biochemistry?
A detour
What is a pentose phosphate pathway considered?
A hexose monophosphate shunt
What is the purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway based on NADH?
- Reducing power to help neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS)
- Reducing power for fatty acid synthesis
What is the purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway based on ribose 5-phosphate?
- Nucleotide synthesis
How do we store fats primarily?
Triglycerides
How can we use the triglyceride?
Convert into glycerol and fatty acids
What do fatty acids go through to break it down?
Beta oxidation to break it down
What happens during fatty acid activation?
Use 2 ATP to attach Co-enzyme A
What happens once Co-enzyme A has attached to the fatty acid?
Molecule moves through the cytosol into the matrix
What happens to the fatty acid coenzyme A when It is in the matrix?
Undergoes B-Oxidation
What does B-oxidation allow for the fatty acid to do?
Enter the Krebs cycle by breaking it down to 2C molecules
Fatty acid synthesis occurs where?
In the cytosol
What are the starting molecules of fatty acid synthesis?
- Acetyl-CoA
2. Malonyl-CoA
