Bio Class 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is oxidation?
A
Gain of oxygen, lose electrons
2
Q
What is reduction?
A
Lose oxygen, gain electrons
3
Q
What happens to the H in oxidation?
A
Lose of hydrogen
4
Q
What happens to the H in reduction?
A
Gain of hydrogen
5
Q
Where does glycolysis occur?
A
In the cytosol
6
Q
Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?
A
Aerobic
7
Q
Where does PDC/Krebs cycle occur?
A
Matrix of mitochondria
8
Q
Is PDC / Kreb’s aerobic or anaerobic?
A
Anaerobic
9
Q
Where does ETC / Oxidative Phosphorylation occur?
A
Inner memberane of mitochondria
10
Q
IS ETC / oxidative phosphorylation anaerobic or aerobic?
A
Aerobic
11
Q
What happens at the end of glycolysis?
A
Pyruvate
12
Q
How starts the glycolysis chain?
A
Glucose
13
Q
What happens when phosphorylation and isomerization happens to glucose, what is it called?
A
Fructose-6-P
14
Q
What energies are used in glycolysis?
A
- 2 ATPs used
- 4 ATPS removed
- 2 NADH removed
15
Q
What is the delta G of glycolysis?
A
Negative
16
Q
What are negative G reactions used for, usually in the body (ex. glycolysis)?
A
Generally regulated
17
Q
What do we call an enzyme that phosphorylates?
A
Kinase
18
Q
What does a phophorylase does?
A
Inorganic phosphate and stick it on to something else
19
Q
What is the difference between kinase and phosphorylase?
A
Kinase used a high energy phosphate molecule
20
Q
What enzyme is use to phosphorylase fructose?
A
Phosphofructokinase
21
Q
How is Phosphofructokinase regulated?
A
Inhibited by ATP
22
Q
What dephosphorylates pyruvate?
A
Pyruvate kinase
23
Q
What inhibits pyruvate kinase?
A
Acetyl-CoA
24
Q
What happens to pyruvate in PDC?
A
Goes into Acetyl-CoA
25
What does PDC stand for?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
26
How many carbons and what happens to its carbon chain and the end of glycolysis?
3C pyruvate
27
What is released to transform 3C pyruvate to 2C acetyl-CoA?
Carbon dioxide
28
What is produced in PDC based on energy?
NADH
29
What is product created at the end of Krebs cycle?
OAA oxaloacetate
30
What is the nameo of the 6C molecule that is created from acetyl-CoA and OAA?
Critic acid and tricarboxylic acid
31
What are the energy molecules that are created at the end of Kreb's Cycle?
6 NADH
2 GTPs
2 FADH
32
What are the energy molecules that are created at the end of Kreb's Cycle?
6 NADH
2 GTPs
2 FADH
33
What are the two goals of electron transport chain?
1. Oxidize the electron carriers
| 2. Make ATP
34
What is between the inner membrane and outer membrane of the mitochondria?
Intermembrane space
35
What are the inner membrane composed of, in the mitochondria?
Proteins transports
36
What are the small proteins in the inner membrane?
Carriers
37
What are the large proteins in the inner membrane of the mito?
Proton pump
38
What is the first electron carrier that uses the first proton pump in the electron transport chain?
NADH to NAD+
39
What does the proton pump do?
Pumps proton (H+) into the inner membrane space
40
What happens to the matrix based on the proton pump in mito?
Matrix is losing H ions so less acidic
41
What is the final acceptor of EC?
Oxygen which when it accepts the electrons, become H2O
42
What does FADH2 does that is differently in ETC?
Donates electron to the small carrie in the ETC
43
How do we make useable energy I ETC?
ATP Synthase pumps proton out
44
What are the name of the carriers in the inner membrane?
Co-enzyme Q and cytochrome C
45
What is the name for the large proton pumps in inner membrane?
1. Co-enzyme Q reductase
2. CytC reductase
3. CytC oxidase
46
What does NADH equal in ATP?
3.5 ATP
47
What does FADH2 equal in ATP?
1.5 ATP
48
What does GTP equal in ATP?
1 ATP
49
How many ATPs do we get in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, based on glycolysis, Krebs and ETC?
30 ATP in eukaryotes
| 32 ATP in prokaryotes
50
What do you have at the end of glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate
51
What is the process when there is no oxygen?
Fermentation
52
What happens in pyruvate in fermentation?
1. Reduced to Ethanol
| 2. Reduced to Lactic acid
53
Since pyruvate gets reduced in fermentation, what is being oxidized?
NADH to NAD+
54
What is removed when pyruvate transforms into ethanol?
CO2
55
What is the problem with fermentation?
1. Not enough ATP
| 2. End products are toxic
56
What happens when there is too much lactic acid?
Can change pH in muscles
57
What is gluconeogenesis?
Reverse of glycolysis
58
When is glucogenesis favored?
Low glucose levels and high ATP levels
59
What is the first step of gluconeogensis?
Pyruvate transformed in 2 OAA (2 4C)
60
After OAA is formed in gluconeogenesis, what gets created?
2 PEP (2 3C-P)
61
What enzyme converts pyruvate into OAA in gluconeo?
Pyruvate carboxylase
62
What enzyme converts OAA into PEP?
PEP carboxykinase
63
What enzyme converts fruc-1,6-biphosphateinto fructose-6-phos...?
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
64
What enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate into glucose?
G-6-phosphatase
65
What are reciprocal regulations?
The same molecule regulates two opposing enzymes in opposite ways
66
How is insulin a hormonal regulator?
Insulin stimulates Fru-2,6-bisP which stimulates PFK and increase glycolysis
67
How is glucagon a hormonal regulator?
Insulin decreases Fru-2,6-bisP which stimulates glycogenesis
68
What to know about hormones?
1. Gland that makes it
2. What triggers its release
3. Target organs
4. Specific effect on targets
5. General effect in body
69
What is glycogenesis?
Formation of glycogen
70
How are glycogen created?
Glucose monomers get converted to glycogen polymer
71
Where is glycogen soared?
Stores mainly in liver and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscle
72
What is glycogenolysis?
Glycogen break down
73
When is glycogen created?
High sugar conditions
74
Which hormones are produced during glyogensis?
Glucagon and epinephrine
75
What gets converted in glycogenolysis?
Converted to glucose monomers
76
How does glucose get converted in glucose 6P in glycogenesis?
Hexokinase converts it
77
What does phosphoglucomutase do?
Shifts phosphorus to the 1 carbon
| Converts glu-6P to glu-1P
78
What enzymes helps in the conversion of glucose 1P into glycogen?
UTP and Glycogen synthase
79
What enzymes helps in the conversion of glycogen into glucose 1P?
Glycogen phosphorylase
80
What is a shunt in biochemistry?
A detour
81
What is a pentose phosphate pathway considered?
A hexose monophosphate shunt
82
What is the purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway based on NADH?
1. Reducing power to help neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS)
2. Reducing power for fatty acid synthesis
83
What is the purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway based on ribose 5-phosphate?
1. Nucleotide synthesis
84
How do we store fats primarily?
Triglycerides
85
How can we use the triglyceride?
Convert into glycerol and fatty acids
86
What do fatty acids go through to break it down?
Beta oxidation to break it down
87
What happens during fatty acid activation?
Use 2 ATP to attach Co-enzyme A
88
What happens once Co-enzyme A has attached to the fatty acid?
Molecule moves through the cytosol into the matrix
89
What happens to the fatty acid coenzyme A when It is in the matrix?
Undergoes B-Oxidation
90
What does B-oxidation allow for the fatty acid to do?
Enter the Krebs cycle by breaking it down to 2C molecules
91
Fatty acid synthesis occurs where?
In the cytosol
92
What are the starting molecules of fatty acid synthesis?
1. Acetyl-CoA
| 2. Malonyl-CoA
