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MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS > MCA BIO CH. 12 PART 1 > Flashcards

MCA BIO CH. 12 PART 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What parts of glucose metabolism produce carbon dioxide?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase and Krebs cycle during oxidative respiration

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2
Q

What parts of glucose metabolism utilizes oxygen?

A

Oxygen is reduced to water by cytochrome c oxidase

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3
Q

What is the conduction zone based on respiratory system?

A

Parts that participate only in ventilation

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4
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Air into and out of the lungs

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5
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Parts that participate in gas exchange

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6
Q

What happens to the blood when Co2 is exhaled?

A

Amount of carbonic acid in the blood decreases so pH increases

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7
Q

How does hyperventilation and hypoventilation affect the blood?

A

Causes alkalization fo the blood, increase pH; acidification fo the blood, decreases pH

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8
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

Alkalization of the blood

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9
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

Acidification of the blood

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10
Q

How can the reparatory organ be considered thermoregulation?

A

Breathing can result in significant heat loss

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11
Q

Heat loss from respiratory system occurs through…?

A

Evaporative water loss

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12
Q

How can the respiratory system be considered protection from disease and particulate matter?

A

The mucociliary escalator and alveolar macrophages protect from harmful inhaled particles

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13
Q

What is the pathway of the inhaled air, starting with the pharynx?

A

Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

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14
Q

What in the nose acts as filters?

A

Nasal hairs and sticky mucus

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15
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The throat

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16
Q

What are the three functions of the larynx?

A
  1. Keeps airway open
  2. Seals trachea during eating
  3. Produces sound
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17
Q

How can the larynx produce sound?

A

Contains vocal cords

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18
Q

How can the larynx seal the trachea during eating?

A

Contains epiglottis to do so

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19
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A passageway which must remain open to permit air flow

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20
Q

What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

A

Rings of cartilage prevent its collapse

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21
Q

What does the trachea branch off into?

A

Two primary bronchi

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22
Q

What prevents collapsing of bronchi?

A

Small plates of cartilage

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23
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Small bronchi

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24
Q

What allows the diameter bronchioles to be regulated?

A

The walls are made out of smooth muscle; adjust airflow into the system

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25
Q

What are terminal bronchioles?

A

The smallest branches of the conduction zone

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26
Q

Gas exchange can occur in terminal bronchioles?

A

False: smooth muscle of the walls are too thick to allow adequate diffusion of gases - it is strictly for ventilation

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27
Q

Based on the respiratory system, which structure has gas exchange?

A

Alveolus

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28
Q

What is the alveolar duct?

A

Duct leading to the alveoli

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29
Q

What leads into the alveolar duct?

A

Respiratory bronchiole

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30
Q

What allows the respiratory bronchiole to perform gas exchange?

A

It is part of the respiratory zone

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31
Q

The respiratory tract lined by what?

A

Epithelial cells

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32
Q

How are the epithelial cells from the nose to the bronchioles?

A

Tall columnar

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33
Q

What is the purpose of the tall columnar?

A

Conduit for air

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34
Q

What is the purpose of goblet cells?

A

Secrete a layer of sticky mucus

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35
Q

What is the purpose of the cilia on the columnar epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Sweep the layer of mucus towards the pharynx

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36
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator?

A

Mucus containing pathogens and inhaled particles can be swallowed or coughed out

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37
Q

What are the three structures involved in gas exchange?

A

Alveoli, alveolar ducts and smallest bronchioles

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38
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium?

A

A single layer of squamous epithelial cells

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39
Q

What prevents alveoli from being covered in pathogens?

A

Alveolar macrophages patrol the alveoli and engulf foreign particles

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40
Q

What is the purpose of surfactant?

A

Coats the alveoli to reduce surface tension

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41
Q

What is surfactant made out of?

A

Complex mixture of phospholipids, proteins and ions secreted by cells in the alveolar wall

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42
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Circulation of air into and out of the lungs to continually replace the gases in the alveoli

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43
Q

What is inspiration? and expiration?

A

Inspiration: Air into the lungs Expiration: Air out of the lungs

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44
Q

What type of process is inspiration and why?

A

Active process: driven by the contraction of the diaphragm which enlarges the chest cavity

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45
Q

What type of process is expiration and why?

A

Passive process: driven by the elastic recoil of the lungs and does not require active muscle contraction

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46
Q

What allows the lungs to not collapse on itself?

A

Chest cavity; inflate during inspiration and expiration

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47
Q

What are the membranes surrounded by each lung?

A
  1. Parietal pleura 2. Visceral pleura
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48
Q

Where is the parietal pleura?

A

Lines the inside of the chest cavity

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49
Q

Where is the visceral pleura?

A

Lines the surface of the lungs

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50
Q

What is between the two pleura spaces?

A

Pleural space

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51
Q

What allows both pleural membranes to be tightly drawn together?

A

Pleural pressure is negative and drawn tightly together by a vacuum

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52
Q

The negative pressure keeps what, based on the pleural membranes?

A

Keeps the outer surface of the lungs drawn up against the inside of the chest wall

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53
Q

Why is there a layer of fluid between the two pleura?

A

Helps hold them together through surface tension

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54
Q

What is inspiration caused by?

A

Muscular expansion of the chest wall

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55
Q

What does the muscular expansion of the chest wall allow the lungs to do?

A

Draws the lungs outward and causes air to enter the system

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56
Q

The expansion of the chest during inspiration is driven primarily by…?

A

Contraction of the diaphragm

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57
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Large skeletal muscle that is stretched below the ribs between the abdomen and the chest cavity

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58
Q

Where are the intercostal muscles?

A

Between the ribs

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59
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles during inspiration?

A

They contract, pulling the ribs upward and further expanding the chest cavity

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60
Q

Why is resting expiration considered a passive process?

A

No muscle contraction is required

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61
Q

What happens when the diaphragm relaxes?

A

Elastic recoil of lungs draws chest cavity inward; volume of the lungs are reduced and air pushes out

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62
Q

Why does abdominal muscles contracting helps during exertion? (Example; expiration process)

A

Pressing up on the diaphragm, shrinking the size of the lungs and forcing more air out

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63
Q

What is forced expiration?

A

Abdominal muscles contraction and forcing more air out

64
Q

What is spirometry?

A

Measurement of the volume of air entering and exiting the lungs at various stages of ventilation

65
Q

Where can data from a spirometer be plotted?

A

On a spirometric graph

66
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with normal light breathing (TV)

67
Q

What is the tidal volume equal to based on total volume?

A

Equal to about 10% of the total volume of the lungs

68
Q

What does ERV of the lungs stand for?

A

Expiratory reserve volume

69
Q

What is the ERV?

A

The volume of air that can be expired after a passive resting expiration

70
Q

What does IRV of the lungs stand for?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

71
Q

What is the IRV?

A

The volume of air that can be inspired after a relaxed inspiration

72
Q

What does FRC of the lungs stand for?

A

Functional residual capacity

73
Q

What is the FRC?

A

The volume of air left in the lungs after a resting expiration

74
Q

What does IC of the lungs stand for?

A

Inspiratory capacity

75
Q

What is the IC?

A

Maximal volume of air which can be inhaled after a resting expiration

76
Q

What does RV of the lungs stand for?

A

Residual volume

77
Q

What is the RV?

A

Amount of air that remains in the lungs after the strongest possible expiration

78
Q

What does VC of the lungs stand for?

A

Vital capacity

79
Q

What is the VC?

A

Maximum amount of air that can be forced out of that aligns after first taking the deepest possible breath

80
Q

What does TLC of the lungs stand for?

A

Total lung capacity

81
Q

What is the TLC?

A

The vital capacity plus the residual volume (TLC = VC + RV)

82
Q

What carries bad blood towards the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

83
Q

What does the pulmonary arteries lead into?

A

Pulmonary capillaries

84
Q

What do pulmonary arteries drain into?

A

Venules, which drain into pulmonary veins

85
Q

Other than the pulmonary arteries, what other things is the lungs supplied by?

A

Lymphatic vessels

86
Q

What is pulmonary edema?

A

Fluid in the lungs resulting from increased blood pressure

87
Q

Which system prevents pulmonary edema and how?

A

Lymphatic system by carrying interstitial fluid out of the lungs

88
Q

What does the lungs have in order to expose blood to air?

A

Enormous surface area

89
Q

What is the goal of the lungs in exposing the blood to a large amount of air?

A

Allow oxygen from the atmosphere to diffuse into pulmonary capillaries to be bound in RBCs

90
Q

What happens simultaneously when RBC takes the oxygen from diffusion?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveolar gas

91
Q

How is CO2 carried in the blood?

A

Most is transported as HCO3- + H+ (carbonic anhydrase)

92
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

The contribution of each individual gas to the total pressure

93
Q

What partial pressure of Gas X is abbreviated…?

A

Px

94
Q

How much oxygen is in the atmospheric gas composition?

A

20%

95
Q

How much nitrogen is in the atmospheric gas composition?

A

80%

96
Q

How much water is in the atmospheric gas composition?

A

0.5%

97
Q

How much carbon dioxide is in the atmospheric gas composition?

A

0.04%

98
Q

In order to diffuse into a cell, gas molecules must what?

A

Dissolve into a liquid (extracellular fluid)

99
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

Amount of gas that will dissolve into liquid is dependent on the partial pressure of that gas and solubility of that gas in that liquid

100
Q

What is the henry’s law equation of oxygen?

A

[O2] = PsubscriptO2 X SsubscriptO2

101
Q

What does [O2] stand for in the henry’s law of equation of oxygen?

A

The concentration of dissolved oxygen

102
Q

What does P subscript O2 stand for in the henry’s law of equation of oxygen?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen in the air above the fluid

103
Q

What does S subscript O2 stand for in the henry’s law of equation of oxygen?

A

The solubility of oxygen in that liquid

104
Q

Based on the Henry’s law equation for oxygen, an increase in pressure increases the amount of…?

A

Gas dissolved in a liquid

105
Q

What happens to gases solubility to liquid when temperature increases?

A

Becomes less soluble to liquids

106
Q

Why does gases dissolved into the blood and extracellular fluids more readily at depth?

A

Because of the high pressure of the surrounding water

107
Q

What happens to scuba divers when they ascend too quickly?

A

The gases come out of solution before they can be transported to the respiratory system

108
Q

What drives the net diffusion of oxygen into the blood when the blood passes through the alveolar capillariesÉ

A

The oxygen pressure gradient between the alveolar air and the blood

109
Q

How is the arterial PO2 denoted?

A

PaO2

110
Q

What is the respiratory control center and where is it located?

A

Involuntary process for breathing; located in the medulla of the brain stem

111
Q

What are the types of stimuli that affect ventilation rate?

A

Mechanical and chemical

112
Q

What are the principal chemical stimuli that affect ventilation rate?

A

Increased PCO2, decreased pH, and decreased PO2

113
Q

What are the primary regulators of the ventilation rate and what are the secondary ones?

A

Co2 and pH are primary, O2 is secondary

114
Q

How are the chemical stimuli of ventilation monitored?

A
  1. Peripheral chemoreceptors

2. Central chemoreceptors

115
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Located in the aorta and the carotid arteries

116
Q

What do the peripheral chemoreceptors monitor?

A

The PCO2, pH and PO2 of the blood

117
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

Located in the medullary respiratory control center

118
Q

What do the central chemoreceptors monitor?

A

Monitor PCO2 and pH of the cerebrospinal fluid

119
Q

How are the pH and PCO2 connected?

A

Through the carbonic acid buffer system of the blood

120
Q

What is the carbonic acid buffer system equation?

A

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-

121
Q

How can ventilation rate have effects on pH?

A

Due to increase or decrease in PCO2; resulting in the shift to maintain the equilibrium of carbonic acid buffer system

122
Q

Why do people having an anxiety attack are told to breathe in a paper bag?

A

It forces them to rebreathe their exhaled CO2 and pushes the equilibrium to the right and brings pH back down to normal

123
Q

What are the principal mechanical stimuli that affect ventilation rate?

A

Lungs and irritants

124
Q

What happens during the mechanical stretching of lung tissue?

A

Stimulates stretch receptors that inhabit further excitatory signals from the respiratory center to the muscles involved in inspiration

125
Q

What do the walls of bronchi and larger bronchioles contain?

A

Smooth muscle

126
Q

What is bronchoconstriction?

A

Contraction of smooth muscles of the walls of bronchi or larger bronchioles

127
Q

What happens when there’s irritation of the inner lining of the lung?

A

Stimulates irritant receptors and reflexive contraction of bronchial smooth muscle

128
Q

Why does the bronchial smooth muscle contract when there’s irritation of the inner lining of the lung?

A

Prevents irritants from continuing to enter the passageways

129
Q

The contractile response of the bronchial smooth muscle is determined by what?

A

Parasympathetic nerves that release ACh

130
Q

What are the two hormones that affect bronchoconstriction?

A

Histamine contracts

Epinephrine opposes

131
Q

How does epinephrine affect bronchoconstriction?

A

Causes it to relax; increases ventilation with bronchodilation

132
Q

What is asthma caused by?

A

Spasm of airway smooth muscles

133
Q

What triggers coughing or bronchoconstriction based on an irritating chemical being detected?

A

Irritant receptors

134
Q

What stimuli might cause an increase in respirator rate?

A

Decrease in pH or PO2

135
Q

What does the epidermis lie on?

A

Dermis

136
Q

What does the dermis lie on?

A

On subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis

137
Q

What is the hypodermic?

A

Protecting insulting layer of fat - adipose tissue

138
Q

What is the epidermis composed of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelial cells

139
Q

What replenishes the epithelial cells from the epidermis?

A

Stratum basal

140
Q

Why are stratified squamous cells of the epidermis are keratinized?

A

Thick coating of the tough, hydrophobic protein keratin; keratin helps make the skin waterproof

141
Q

What does melanin do?

A

Absorb UV light of the sun to prevent damage of underlying tissues

142
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

Various cell-types in a connective tissue matrix, blood vessels, sensory receptors, sweat glads, oil glands and hair follicles

143
Q

What is the name of wax glands and where are they located?

A

Ceruminous; specialized regions of skin - external ear canal

144
Q

What is the name for the sweat gland?

A

Sudoriferous gland

145
Q

What is the sudoriferous gland composed of?

A

A tube-like structure that originates in the dermis and leads through the epidermis to a pore on the surface of the skin

146
Q

What does sweat contain?

A

Water, electrolytes and urea

147
Q

What hormone is sweat responsive to?

A

Aldosterone

148
Q

People living in hot climates, why do they have high level of aldosterone?

A

So sweat does not waste salt

149
Q

Humans are homeotherms, what does that mean?

A

They body temperature is relatively constant

150
Q

How is heat generated in humans?

A

Metabolic processes and muscle contraction

151
Q

What can homeotherms burn to maintain their temperature?

A

Burning special fat called brown adipose tissue

152
Q

What is the name of the process of burning special fat to maintain their temperature?

A

Chemical thermogenesis or nonshivering thermogenesis

153
Q

What are the four mechanisms available to humans to cope against cold weather?

A
  1. Contraction
  2. Skin insulates
  3. Cutaneous vasoconstriction
  4. Clothing
154
Q

What is cutaneous vasoconstriction?

A

Heat loss by conduction is minimized by constriction blood vessels in the dermis

155
Q

What are the mechanisms for dissipation available to humans?

A
  1. Sweating

2. Cutaneous vasodilation

156
Q

What is cutaneous vasodilation?

A

Dilation of blood vessels in the dermis, results in heat loss by conduction or convection

MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS (23 decks)

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