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MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS > BIO Class 3 > Flashcards

BIO Class 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

What is nucleotide composed of?

A

Sugar, base and phosphates

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3
Q

What is the directionality of nucleic acid synthesis?

A

5’ to 3’

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4
Q

What is the protein synthesis directionality?

A

N to C

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5
Q

Nucleotides are linked by what bond?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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6
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine and Thymines

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7
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine and Guanines

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8
Q

AG is pure, what does that mean?

A

AG are purines

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9
Q

How many hydrogen bonds hold AT together?

A

2

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10
Q

How many hydrogen bonds hold CG together?

A

3

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11
Q

Where is the prokaryotes genomes?

A

In the cytosol and subject to damage

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12
Q

What are endonuclease?

A

Cut in the middle rather than at the end of DNA

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13
Q

What do restriction enzymes do?

A

Destroy DNA, restrict the growth of viruses whose DNA is not methylated

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14
Q

How do prokaryotes protect their DNA?

A

Methylation

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15
Q

What supercoils DNA?

A

DNA gyrase apart of topoisomerase

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16
Q

Where are histones located?

A

Sugar phosphate backbone wrap around histones

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17
Q

What are nucleosomes?

A

Histones and DNA together

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18
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

DNA to RNA to proteins

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19
Q

What is DNA to RNA process?

A

Transcription

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20
Q

What is the process between RNA to proteins?

A

Translation

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21
Q

What is the start codon and what does it code for?

A

AUG - Methionine

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22
Q

What are the three stop codons?

A

UGA, UAA, UAG

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23
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 chromosomes

24
Q

What does human genomes contain?

A

Large intergenic regions

25
Q

What type of errors polymerase could make?

A
  1. Point mutations
  2. Small repeats
  3. Inserts deletion
26
Q

What are point mutations?

A

Single base pair changes

27
Q

What are the three types of point mutations?

A
  1. Missense
28
Q

What is missense point mutation?

A

Codon for aa becomes new codon for new aa

29
Q

What is nonsense point mutation?

A

Codon for aa becomes a stop codon

30
Q

What is a silent point mutation?

A

Codon for aa becomes new codon for the same aa

31
Q

What is a frameshift mutations?

A

Insertions and deletions changes the reading frame

32
Q

What are two types of endogenous damage?

A
  1. Reaction oxygen species

2. Physical damage

33
Q

What is the type of endogenous damage that can happen?

A
  1. Oxidized DNA
  2. Crosslinked bases
  3. Breaks
34
Q

What are the three types of damage?

A
  1. Bad bases
  2. Broken chromosomes
  3. DNA rearrangement
35
Q

What is homology-directed repair?

A

Use sister chromatic as a template to fix the broken chromosome

36
Q

What is non-homologous end-joining?

A

Ligate broken ends together

37
Q

What are the repair methods of bad bases?

A
  1. Mismatch repair pathway

2. Nucleotide excision repair

38
Q

What are the repair methods of bad bases?

A
  1. Mismatch repair pathway

2. Nucleotide excision repair

39
Q

What does helicase do?

A

Unwinds DNA

40
Q

What does topoisomerase?

A

Cuts DNA, relaxes supercoiling

41
Q

What does primase do?

A

Synthesizes the RNA primer

42
Q

What does DNA poly do?

A

Replicates DNA, proofreads and removes primer

43
Q

What does ligase do?

A

Links Okazaki fragments

44
Q

What does DNA poly III do?

A

High processivity, fast 5’ to 3’ polymerase and 3’ to 5’ exonuclease

45
Q

What type of replication does prokaryotic DNA replication uses?

A

THETA replication

46
Q

What are facts about DNA poly I?

A
  • Low processivity

- Slow 5’ to 3’ poly and 3’ to 5’ /5’ to 3’ exonuclease

47
Q

What is DNA poly II used for?

A

5’ to 3’ poly and 3’ to 5’ exonuclease

48
Q

What does telomerase do?

A

Elongate telomeres on parent strand of DNA

49
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

50
Q

What is hnRNA?

A

Heterogenous nuclear RNA; preprocessed mRNA transcript

51
Q

What is miRNA and siRNA?

A

micro RNA and small interfering RNA; complimentary to mRNA

52
Q

What do miRNA and siRNA do?

A

Binds to mRNA and prevents translation for regulation

53
Q

What is needed for a replication but not transcription?

A

No primer

54
Q

Why is the error frequency in transcription much more in replication?

A

No editing

55
Q

What is the wobble hypothesis?

A

Anticodon being more flexible

MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS (23 decks)

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