BIO Class 3

Question 1

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Answer 1

Nucleotides

Question 2

What is nucleotide composed of?

Answer 2

Sugar, base and phosphates

Question 3

What is the directionality of nucleic acid synthesis?

Answer 3

5’ to 3’

Question 4

What is the protein synthesis directionality?

Answer 4

N to C

Question 5

Nucleotides are linked by what bond?

Answer 5

Phosphodiester bond

Question 6

What are the pyrimidines?

Answer 6

Cytosine and Thymines

Question 7

What are the purines?

Answer 7

Adenine and Guanines

Question 8

AG is pure, what does that mean?

Answer 8

AG are purines

Question 9

How many hydrogen bonds hold AT together?

Answer 9

2

Question 10

How many hydrogen bonds hold CG together?

Answer 10

3

Question 11

Where is the prokaryotes genomes?

Answer 11

In the cytosol and subject to damage

Question 12

What are endonuclease?

Answer 12

Cut in the middle rather than at the end of DNA

Question 13

What do restriction enzymes do?

Answer 13

Destroy DNA, restrict the growth of viruses whose DNA is not methylated

Question 14

How do prokaryotes protect their DNA?

Answer 14

Methylation

Question 15

What supercoils DNA?

Answer 15

DNA gyrase apart of topoisomerase

Question 16

Where are histones located?

Answer 16

Sugar phosphate backbone wrap around histones

Question 17

What are nucleosomes?

Answer 17

Histones and DNA together

Question 18

What is the central dogma?

Answer 18

DNA to RNA to proteins

Question 19

What is DNA to RNA process?

Answer 19

Transcription

Question 20

What is the process between RNA to proteins?

Answer 20

Translation

Question 21

What is the start codon and what does it code for?

Answer 21

AUG - Methionine

Question 22

What are the three stop codons?

Answer 22

UGA, UAA, UAG

Question 23

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 23

46 chromosomes

Question 24

What does human genomes contain?

Answer 24

Large intergenic regions

Question 25

What type of errors polymerase could make?

Answer 25

1. Point mutations 2. Small repeats 3. Inserts deletion

Question 26

What are point mutations?

Answer 26

Single base pair changes

Question 27

What are the three types of point mutations?

Answer 27

1. Missense

Question 28

What is missense point mutation?

Answer 28

Codon for aa becomes new codon for new aa

Question 29

What is nonsense point mutation?

Answer 29

Codon for aa becomes a stop codon

Question 30

What is a silent point mutation?

Answer 30

Codon for aa becomes new codon for the same aa

Question 31

What is a frameshift mutations?

Answer 31

Insertions and deletions changes the reading frame

Question 32

What are two types of endogenous damage?

Answer 32

1. Reaction oxygen species | 2. Physical damage

Question 33

What is the type of endogenous damage that can happen?

Answer 33

1. Oxidized DNA 2. Crosslinked bases 3. Breaks

Question 34

What are the three types of damage?

Answer 34

1. Bad bases 2. Broken chromosomes 3. DNA rearrangement

Question 35

What is homology-directed repair?

Answer 35

Use sister chromatic as a template to fix the broken chromosome

Question 36

What is non-homologous end-joining?

Answer 36

Ligate broken ends together

Question 37

What are the repair methods of bad bases?

Answer 37

1. Mismatch repair pathway | 2. Nucleotide excision repair

Question 38

What are the repair methods of bad bases?

Answer 38

1. Mismatch repair pathway | 2. Nucleotide excision repair

Question 39

What does helicase do?

Answer 39

Unwinds DNA

Question 40

What does topoisomerase?

Answer 40

Cuts DNA, relaxes supercoiling

Question 41

What does primase do?

Answer 41

Synthesizes the RNA primer

Question 42

What does DNA poly do?

Answer 42

Replicates DNA, proofreads and removes primer

Question 43

What does ligase do?

Answer 43

Links Okazaki fragments

Question 44

What does DNA poly III do?

Answer 44

High processivity, fast 5' to 3' polymerase and 3' to 5' exonuclease

Question 45

What type of replication does prokaryotic DNA replication uses?

Answer 45

THETA replication

Question 46

What are facts about DNA poly I?

Answer 46

- Low processivity | - Slow 5' to 3' poly and 3' to 5' /5' to 3' exonuclease

Question 47

What is DNA poly II used for?

Answer 47

5' to 3' poly and 3' to 5' exonuclease

Question 48

What does telomerase do?

Answer 48

Elongate telomeres on parent strand of DNA

Question 49

What are the three types of RNA?

Answer 49

rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

Question 50

What is hnRNA?

Answer 50

Heterogenous nuclear RNA; preprocessed mRNA transcript

Question 51

What is miRNA and siRNA?

Answer 51

micro RNA and small interfering RNA; complimentary to mRNA

Question 52

What do miRNA and siRNA do?

Answer 52

Binds to mRNA and prevents translation for regulation

Question 53

What is needed for a replication but not transcription?

Answer 53

No primer

Question 54

Why is the error frequency in transcription much more in replication?

Answer 54

No editing

Question 55

What is the wobble hypothesis?

Answer 55

Anticodon being more flexible