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MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS > MCAT BIO CH. 13 PART 2 > Flashcards

MCAT BIO CH. 13 PART 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens after the blastocyst implants in the endometrium?

A

Trophoblast secretes proteases ha lyse endometrial cells

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2
Q

What happens to the blastocyst once it sinks into the endometrium?

A

Absorbs nutrients through he trophoblast into the inner cell mass

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3
Q

Why does the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle is endometrial cells storing glycogen lipids and nutrients?

A

So that early embryo may derive nourishment directly from the endometrium

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4
Q

What happens later in fertilization that allows the blastocyst to have between exchange of nutrients and gases?

A

Placenta

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5
Q

How long does it take for the placenta to develop?

A

Three months

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6
Q

What is the role of the corpus luteum during the first trimester for pregnancy?

A

Make estrogen and progesterone

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7
Q

Why is the corpus luteum no longer needed in the las six months of pregnancy?

A

The placenta itself secretes sufficient estrogen and progesterone for maintenance of the endometrium

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8
Q

The development of the placenta involves the formation of what?

A

Placental villi

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9
Q

What are placental villi?

A

Chorionic projections extending into the endometrium into which fetal capillaries will grow

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10
Q

What are surrounding the placental villi?

A

Sinuses filed with maternal blood

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11
Q

What are the four important structures derived from the inner cell mass?

A
  1. Amnion
  2. Yolk sac
  3. Allantois
  4. Embyo
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12
Q

What is the amnion?

A

It surrounds a fluid-filled cavity which contains the developing embryo

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13
Q

What is the yolk sac?

A

It is the first site of red blood cell synthesis in the embryo

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14
Q

What is the allantois?

A

Forms the blood vessels of the umbilical cod; forms from the embryonic gut

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15
Q

What happens after blastulation?

A

Gastrulation

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16
Q

What occurs during gastrulation?

A

The three primary germ layers become distinct

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17
Q

What are the three primary germ layers of gastrulation?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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18
Q

What is the blastula?

A

Hollow ball of cells

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19
Q

What does the mesoderm derive from?

A

From the endoderm

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20
Q

What is the cavity of the blastula during gastrulation?

A

Primitive gut; archenteron

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21
Q

What is the blastopore?

A

The opening which will give rise to the anus

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22
Q

What is the gastrula?

A

Whole structure with all three distinct germ layers

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23
Q

The gastrula develops from what in humans?

A

From a double layer of cells called the embryonic disk

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24
Q

From which germ layer is the nervous system derived from?

A

Ectoderm

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25
Q

From which germ layer is the pituitary gland and adrenal medulla derived from?

A

Ectoderm

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26
Q

From which germ layer is the cornea and lens derived from?

A

Ectoderm

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27
Q

From which germ layer is the skin and its derivatives derived from?

A

Ectoderm

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28
Q

From which germ layer is nasal, oral and anal epithelium derived from?

A

Ectoderm

29
Q

From which germ layer is the muscle bone and connective tissue derived from?

A

Mesoderm

30
Q

From which germ layer is entire cardiovascular system derived from?

A

Mesoderm

31
Q

From which germ layer is urogenital organs derived from?

A

Mesoderm

32
Q

From which germ layer is dermis of the skin derived from?

A

Mesoderm

33
Q

From which germ layer is GI tract derived from?

A

Endoderm

34
Q

From which germ layer is GI glands derived from?

A

Endoderm

35
Q

From which germ layer is respiratory epithelium derived from?

A

Endoderm

36
Q

From which germ layer is epithelial lining of the urogenital organs derived from?

A

Endoderm

37
Q

From which germ layer is urinary bladder derived from?

A

Endoderm

38
Q

Blastulation, gastrulation….and then?

A

Neurulation

39
Q

What is neurulation?

A

Formation of the nervous system

40
Q

How does neurulation begins?

A

Portion of the ectoderm differentiates into the neural plate

41
Q

What are at the edges of the neural plate?

A

Neural crest cells

42
Q

How does the neural plate during neurulation initially folds?

A

Fold upwards which leaves the bottom of the plate to form a neural tube

43
Q

What does the neural tube develop into?

A

Central nervous system

44
Q

What happens to the neural crest cells after the neural tube has been developed?

A

Neural crest cells separate from the neutral tube and the overlying ectoderm migrate to different parts of the embryo

45
Q

What is the formation of the neural tube induced by?

A

Instructions from the underlying notochord which is mesodermal origin

46
Q

What does the neural tube give rise to?

A

The vertebral column

47
Q

Neurulation is one component of ….?

A

Organogenesis

48
Q

During which trimester is the developing human most sensitive to toxins?

A

The first trimester when the organs are being formed

49
Q

A lack of folic acid in the mother’s diet early time period in development can lead to what?

A

Lead to significant defects int he formation of he neural tube and central nervous system

50
Q

What does totipotent cells mean?

A

Ability to become any cell type; cells in blastocyst

51
Q

What does pluripotent cells mean?

A

Cells more specialized but that can still differentiate

52
Q

What does multipoint cells mean?

A

They can become many but not all cell types

53
Q

What does it mean when a cell has been determined?

A

The cell fate becomes fixed

54
Q

What precedes, determination or differentiation?

A

Determination precedes differentiation; cell determined before it differentiates

55
Q

Can determination of a cell be induced?

A

Yes - by the cell’s environment

56
Q

What is dedifferentiation?

A

Specialized cell un-specializes and may become totipotent

57
Q

What happens during the second trimester?

A

Organs and organ systems continue to develop structurally and functional

58
Q

What happens during the third trimester?

A

Rapid fetal growth, significant deposition of adipose tissue

59
Q

What happens to the physiology of the mother during pregnancy?

A
  1. Increase respiratory rate
  2. Increased blood volume
  3. Increased in glomerular filtration
60
Q

What is the technical term for birth?

A

Parturition

61
Q

What is parturition dependent on?

A

Contraction of muscles in the uterine wall

62
Q

What causes the uterine excitability increase during the end of pregnancy?

A

Change in estrogen ratio, presence of oxytocin secreted by the posterior pituitary, stretching of the uterus

63
Q

What occurs when pregnancy reaches full term?

A

Rhythmic labor contractions begins

64
Q

What is the first stage of labor?

A

Dilation of the cervix

65
Q

What is the second stage of labor?

A

Actual birth involving movement of the baby through the cervix and birth canal

66
Q

What is the third stage of labor?

A

Expulsion of the placenta after it separates from the wall of the uterus

67
Q

What inhibits the secretion of milk before birth?

A

Estrogen and progesterone inhibit prolactin and tis the production of milk

68
Q

What hormone is necessary for the release of milk?

A

Prolactin and oxytocin

MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS (23 decks)

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