MCAT BIO CH. 9 PART 2

Question 1

What are the three types of immunity?

Answer 1

Innate, humoral and cell-mediated

Question 2

What is innate immunity?

Answer 2

General nonspecific protection the body provides against various invaders

Question 3

What is the simplest example of innate immunity?

Answer 3

Skin

Question 4

Lysozyme examples are in components of innate immunity such as:

Answer 4

Tears, saliva and blood

Question 5

What is the complement system and what type of immunity is it considered?

Answer 5

A group of 20 blood proteins that can nonspecifically bind to the surface of foreign cells; its an innate immunity

Question 6

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 6

Specific protection by proteins in the plasma called antibodies (Ab) or Immunoglobulins (Ig)

Question 7

Each antibody molecule is composed of two copies of two different ______? What are they?

Answer 7

Polypeptides; light chains and heavy chains joined by disulfide bonds

Question 8

What are the two regions that make up an antibody?

Answer 8

Constant region and variable (antigen binding) region

Question 9

What are the five main types of immunoglobulins classes?

Answer 9

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE

Question 10

What is the most antibody circulating in the plasma?

Answer 10

IgG Class

Question 11

Where is IgM located?

Answer 11

Blood and B cell surface

Question 12

Where is IgG located?

Answer 12

Blood

Question 13

Where is IgD located?

Answer 13

B cell surface

Question 14

Where is IgA located?

Answer 14

Secretions (saliva, mucus, tears, breast milk)

Question 15

Where is IgE located?

Answer 15

Blood

Question 16

What is the function IgM?

Answer 16

• Initial immune response
• Pentameric structure in blood
• Monomeric structure on B cell as antigen receptor

Question 17

What is the function of IgG?

Answer 17

• Involving in ongoing immune response

- Can cross placental barrier

Question 18

What is the function of IgD?

Answer 18

• Serves with IgM as antigen receptor on B cells

Question 19

What is the function of IgA?

Answer 19

• Secreted in breast milk

- Helps protect newborns, dimeric structure

Question 20

What is the function of IgE?

Answer 20

Involved in allergic reactions

Question 21

What is an antigen?

Answer 21

Molecule an antibody binds to

Question 22

How is the specificity of antigen binding determined by?

Answer 22

The fit of antigen in a small three-dimensional cleft formed by the variable region of the antibody molecule

Question 23

What is an epitope?

Answer 23

A small sit on an antigen that an antibody recognizes within a larger molecule

Question 24

What is a carrier based on antigens?

Answer 24

Small molecules that bound to an antigenic large molecule; the large molecule is considered a carrier

Question 25

What is a happen?

Answer 25

When a small molecule bound to an antigenic large molecule creates a production of antibodies - its the small molecule

Question 26

What are the three ways antibodies can contribute to removal of the antigen from the body?

Answer 26

1. Inactivate antigen 2. Induce phagocytosis of particle by macrophages and neutrophils 3. Activate complement system forming holes in membrane and lyse cell

Question 27

How are antibodies produced?

Answer 27

By a type of lymphocyte called B Cells

Question 28

Where are immature B cells located?

Answer 28

Derived from precursor stem closings the bone marrow

Question 29

What happens when an antigen binds to the antibody on the surface of the specific immature B cell?

Answer 29

Cell is stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into twi kinds of cells: plasma cells and memory cells

Question 30

What do plasma cells do based on antigen and antibody?

Answer 30

Produce and secrete antibody protein into the plasma

Question 31

What is different between plasma cells and memory cells?

Answer 31

Memory cells do not secrete antibody; they are pre-activated, dormant B-cells

Question 32

What is clonal selection based on B-cells?

Answer 32

Selecting B cells with specific antigens binding

Question 33

In general, every cell of the body is said to possess the same copy of the genome. Is it true in the immune system?

Answer 33

No; recombination during development of B cells and T cells makes these exceptions

Question 34

What is the primary immune response?

Answer 34

First time a person encounters an antigen; takes too long for B cells to proliferate and prevent symptoms of the infection from occurring

Question 35

What is the secondary immune response?

Answer 35

Second time a person is exposed to the antigen

Question 36

What are the two types of T-cells?

Answer 36

T helpers and T killers

Question 37

What are T helpers also called?

Answer 37

CD4 cells

Question 38

What are T killers also called?

Answer 38

Cytotoxic T cells - CD8 cells

Question 39

What is the role of the T helper?

Answer 39

Activate B cells, T killer cells and other immune cells

Question 40

How does the T helper communicate with other cells?

Answer 40

As the central controller of the whole immune response, they release special hormones called lymphokines and interleukins

Question 41

What part of the body is considered the central controller of the whole immune response?

Answer 41

T helper

Question 42

What host cells do T killer cell destroy?

Answer 42

1. Virus-infected host cells 2. Cancer cells 3. Foreign cells

Question 43

The T in T cell stands for:

Answer 43

Thymus

Question 44

Where are the T cells produced?

Answer 44

In the bone marrow during childhood

Question 45

What is the T-cell receptor?

Answer 45

The protein on the T-cel surface that can end antigen

Question 46

What is a major group that the T-cell can recognize on the surface of the cell?

Answer 46

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 47

What are the two types of major histocompatibility complex MHCs?

Answer 47

MHC I and MHC II

Question 48

What is the role of MHC I and where are they found?

Answer 48

Found on the surface of every nucleated cell in the body; role is to randomly pick up peptides from the inside of the cell and display on the surface

Question 49

Why does the MHC display random peptides on the surface?

Answer 49

T cells can then monitor cellular contents

Question 50

What cells can have MHC II?

Answer 50

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Question 51

What are the antigen-presenting cells?

Answer 51

Macrophages and B cells

Question 52

What is the role of the antigen-presenting cell?

Answer 52

Phagocytize particles or cells, chops hem up and display gradients using the MHC II display system

Question 53

How is the T cell fully activated based on MHC?

Answer 53

When the T cell binds to both antigen and the MHC molecule itself

Question 54

What is the site of synthesis of all the cells fo the blood?

Answer 54

Bone marrow

Question 55

What is the purpose of the spleen?

Answer 55

Filters the blood and is a site of immune cell interactions

Question 56

What is the purpose of the thymus?

Answer 56

The site of T cell maturation

Question 57

What is the purpose of tonsils?

Answer 57

Masses of lymphatic tissue that help catch pathogens which enter the body through respirations or ingestion

Question 58

What is the purpose of the appendix?

Answer 58

Found in the beginning of the large intestine but is not required for survival

Question 59

What is tolerance of the immune system?

Answer 59

Will only recognize and destroy foreign antigen and ignore all norma proteins and cell structures

Question 60

Why do B cells go through a selection process? Where?

Answer 60

To eliminate self-reactive cells; in the bone marrow

Question 61

What happens to an immature B cell whose surface receptors bind to normal soluble proteins?

Answer 61

Become unresponsive or anergic

Question 62

Where do T cells go through the selection process?

Answer 62

Thymus