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MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS > MCAT BIO CH. 9 PART 2 > Flashcards

MCAT BIO CH. 9 PART 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of immunity?

A

Innate, humoral and cell-mediated

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2
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

General nonspecific protection the body provides against various invaders

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3
Q

What is the simplest example of innate immunity?

A

Skin

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4
Q

Lysozyme examples are in components of innate immunity such as:

A

Tears, saliva and blood

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5
Q

What is the complement system and what type of immunity is it considered?

A

A group of 20 blood proteins that can nonspecifically bind to the surface of foreign cells; its an innate immunity

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6
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Specific protection by proteins in the plasma called antibodies (Ab) or Immunoglobulins (Ig)

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7
Q

Each antibody molecule is composed of two copies of two different ______? What are they?

A

Polypeptides; light chains and heavy chains joined by disulfide bonds

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8
Q

What are the two regions that make up an antibody?

A

Constant region and variable (antigen binding) region

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9
Q

What are the five main types of immunoglobulins classes?

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE

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10
Q

What is the most antibody circulating in the plasma?

A

IgG Class

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11
Q

Where is IgM located?

A

Blood and B cell surface

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12
Q

Where is IgG located?

A

Blood

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13
Q

Where is IgD located?

A

B cell surface

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14
Q

Where is IgA located?

A

Secretions (saliva, mucus, tears, breast milk)

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15
Q

Where is IgE located?

A

Blood

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16
Q

What is the function IgM?

A
  • Initial immune response
  • Pentameric structure in blood
  • Monomeric structure on B cell as antigen receptor
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17
Q

What is the function of IgG?

A
  • Involving in ongoing immune response

- Can cross placental barrier

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18
Q

What is the function of IgD?

A
  • Serves with IgM as antigen receptor on B cells
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19
Q

What is the function of IgA?

A
  • Secreted in breast milk

- Helps protect newborns, dimeric structure

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20
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

Involved in allergic reactions

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21
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Molecule an antibody binds to

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22
Q

How is the specificity of antigen binding determined by?

A

The fit of antigen in a small three-dimensional cleft formed by the variable region of the antibody molecule

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23
Q

What is an epitope?

A

A small sit on an antigen that an antibody recognizes within a larger molecule

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24
Q

What is a carrier based on antigens?

A

Small molecules that bound to an antigenic large molecule; the large molecule is considered a carrier

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25
Q

What is a happen?

A

When a small molecule bound to an antigenic large molecule creates a production of antibodies - its the small molecule

26
Q

What are the three ways antibodies can contribute to removal of the antigen from the body?

A
  1. Inactivate antigen
  2. Induce phagocytosis of particle by macrophages and neutrophils
  3. Activate complement system forming holes in membrane and lyse cell
27
Q

How are antibodies produced?

A

By a type of lymphocyte called B Cells

28
Q

Where are immature B cells located?

A

Derived from precursor stem closings the bone marrow

29
Q

What happens when an antigen binds to the antibody on the surface of the specific immature B cell?

A

Cell is stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into twi kinds of cells: plasma cells and memory cells

30
Q

What do plasma cells do based on antigen and antibody?

A

Produce and secrete antibody protein into the plasma

31
Q

What is different between plasma cells and memory cells?

A

Memory cells do not secrete antibody; they are pre-activated, dormant B-cells

32
Q

What is clonal selection based on B-cells?

A

Selecting B cells with specific antigens binding

33
Q

In general, every cell of the body is said to possess the same copy of the genome. Is it true in the immune system?

A

No; recombination during development of B cells and T cells makes these exceptions

34
Q

What is the primary immune response?

A

First time a person encounters an antigen; takes too long for B cells to proliferate and prevent symptoms of the infection from occurring

35
Q

What is the secondary immune response?

A

Second time a person is exposed to the antigen

36
Q

What are the two types of T-cells?

A

T helpers and T killers

37
Q

What are T helpers also called?

A

CD4 cells

38
Q

What are T killers also called?

A

Cytotoxic T cells - CD8 cells

39
Q

What is the role of the T helper?

A

Activate B cells, T killer cells and other immune cells

40
Q

How does the T helper communicate with other cells?

A

As the central controller of the whole immune response, they release special hormones called lymphokines and interleukins

41
Q

What part of the body is considered the central controller of the whole immune response?

A

T helper

42
Q

What host cells do T killer cell destroy?

A
  1. Virus-infected host cells
  2. Cancer cells
  3. Foreign cells
43
Q

The T in T cell stands for:

A

Thymus

44
Q

Where are the T cells produced?

A

In the bone marrow during childhood

45
Q

What is the T-cell receptor?

A

The protein on the T-cel surface that can end antigen

46
Q

What is a major group that the T-cell can recognize on the surface of the cell?

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

47
Q

What are the two types of major histocompatibility complex MHCs?

A

MHC I and MHC II

48
Q

What is the role of MHC I and where are they found?

A

Found on the surface of every nucleated cell in the body; role is to randomly pick up peptides from the inside of the cell and display on the surface

49
Q

Why does the MHC display random peptides on the surface?

A

T cells can then monitor cellular contents

50
Q

What cells can have MHC II?

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

51
Q

What are the antigen-presenting cells?

A

Macrophages and B cells

52
Q

What is the role of the antigen-presenting cell?

A

Phagocytize particles or cells, chops hem up and display gradients using the MHC II display system

53
Q

How is the T cell fully activated based on MHC?

A

When the T cell binds to both antigen and the MHC molecule itself

54
Q

What is the site of synthesis of all the cells fo the blood?

A

Bone marrow

55
Q

What is the purpose of the spleen?

A

Filters the blood and is a site of immune cell interactions

56
Q

What is the purpose of the thymus?

A

The site of T cell maturation

57
Q

What is the purpose of tonsils?

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue that help catch pathogens which enter the body through respirations or ingestion

58
Q

What is the purpose of the appendix?

A

Found in the beginning of the large intestine but is not required for survival

59
Q

What is tolerance of the immune system?

A

Will only recognize and destroy foreign antigen and ignore all norma proteins and cell structures

60
Q

Why do B cells go through a selection process? Where?

A

To eliminate self-reactive cells; in the bone marrow

61
Q

What happens to an immature B cell whose surface receptors bind to normal soluble proteins?

A

Become unresponsive or anergic

62
Q

Where do T cells go through the selection process?

A

Thymus

MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS (23 decks)

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