Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS > MCAT BIO CH. 10 PART 2 > Flashcards

MCAT BIO CH. 10 PART 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the lower segments of the small intestine?

A

Jejunum and ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Substances not absorbed in the duodenum must be absorbed where?

A

Jejunum and Ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In what portion of the intestine is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

Only in the ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the iléocaecal valve?

A

Separates the ileum from the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the colon?

A

Large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of the colon?

A

Absorb water and minerals, form and sore feces until defecation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the first part of the colon?

A

Cecum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the structure of the appendix?

A

Finger-like appendage of the cecum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the appendix primarily composed of?

A

Lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the last portion of the colon?

A

Rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is defecation controlled by?

A

Anal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the different between the internal and external portion of the anal sphincter?

A

Internal: Smooth muscle under autonomic control
External: Skeletal muscle under voluntary control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the important of colonic bacteria?

A
  1. Helps keep dangerous bacteria from proliferating due to competition
  2. Supply us with vitamin K
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does a GI accessory organ mean?

A

Those that play a role in digestion but are not actually part of the alimentary canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the GI accessory organs?

A

Pancreas, liver, gallbladder and salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the purpose of pancreatic amylase?

A

Hydrolyzes polysaccharides to disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the purpose of pancreatic lipase?

A

Hydrolyzes triglycerides at the surface of a micelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the purpose of nucleases from exocrine pancreas?

A

Hydrolyze dietary DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the purpose of pancreatic proteases?

A

Hydrolyzing polypeptides to di and tripeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are pancreatic proteases secreted?

A

Secreted in their inactive zymogen forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the role of trypsinogen in regards to exocrine pancreas?

A

A zymogen that gets converted into active form trypsin by enterokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What enzymes are activated by trypsin?

A
  1. Chymotrypsinogen
  2. Procarboxypeptidase
  3. Procollagenase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does CCK secretion causes the pancreas to do?

A

Secrete enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the secretion hormone cause the pancreas to do?

A

Secrete water and bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system on pancreatic secretion?

A

Para: Increases secretion
Symp: Reduces it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where are the endocrine pancreas located in the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the three types of cells in the islets of langerhans?

A
  1. Alpha cells
  2. Beta cells
  3. Omega cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans?

A

Secrete glucagon in response to ow blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

Mobilize stored fuels by stimulating the liver to hydrolyze glycogen and release; stimulate adipocytes to release fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do the beta cells of the islets of langerhans?

A

Secrete insulin in response to elevated blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Stimulates removal of glucose from the blood for storage as glycogen and fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do the omega cells of the islets of langerhans?

A

Secrete somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function of somatostatin?

A

Inhibits many digestive processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the problem with excess glucose?

A

Destroys many physiological systems at the cellular level, including neurons, blood vessels and kidneys

35
Q

What are the three hormones that can raise blood glucose level?

A
  1. Glucagon 2. Epinephrine 3. Cortisol
36
Q

Why is it less easy to lower blood glucose?

A

Since low blood glucose levels are immediately fatal

37
Q

What is the exocrine secretory activity of the liver?

A

Secretes bile

38
Q

What are the principle ingredient of bile?

A

Bile acids, cholesterol and bilirubin

39
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

RBC breakdown

40
Q

What happens to the bile made in the liver?

A
  1. Secreted into the duodenum

2. Stored for later use in the gallbladder

41
Q

What happens to the bile when it is stored in the gallbladder?

A

Released when a fatty meal is eaten

42
Q

What is a gallstone?

A

Large crystal formed from bile made with ingredients in incorrect proportions

43
Q

The gallbladder has secretion activity. T/F

A

False: no secretory activity

44
Q

Bile released from the gallbladder is dictated by what?

A

Nervous system and endocrine system

45
Q

From where does the liver receive blood?

A
  1. Hepatic arteries - oxygenated blood

2. Hepatic portal vein - venous blood drawing the stomach and intestines

46
Q

What do hepatocytes do when the logo percolates through the liver?

A

Monitor the blood and makes changes to the body’s physiology based on what is and not present

47
Q

What can store glucose as glycogen and break it down when glucose is needed?

A

Liver and skeletal muscle

48
Q

Which organ is the only that can release glucose into the bloodstream?

A

Liver

49
Q

Why can only the liver release glucose into the bloodstream?

A

Product of glycogen breakdown is glucose-6-phosphate and only the liver contains the enzyme to dephosphorylate it

50
Q

Which organ monitors waste products from protein catabolism?

A

Liver

51
Q

How can the liver regulate ammonia?

A

Converted into urea

52
Q

Which organ assists with lipid metabolism?

A

Liver

53
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

Molecules that transport lipid into the lymphatic system

54
Q

What is the result of chylomicrons breakdown?

A

Triglyceride, glycerol and cholestrol-rich chylomicron remnants

55
Q

What happens to chylomicron remnants?

A

Taken up by hepatocytes, combined with proteins to make lipoproteins

56
Q

Why does people with liver problems often have troubles with sealing wounds?

A

Important plasma proteins are made in the liver and secreted in the plasma

57
Q

What is different in the smooth ER of hepatocytes?

A

Contains enzymes pathways that break down drugs and toxins

58
Q

What happens based on hormonal control when the stomach is empty?

A

Gastric cells produce the hormone gherlin to stimulate appetite

59
Q

What happens based on hormonal control when the stomach is full?

A

The jejunum produces peptide YY to reduce appetite

60
Q

What is the purpose of the hormone leptin?

A

An appetite suppressant that acts as an adipostat

61
Q

What is an adipostat? Which hormone controls like that?

A

Maintaining stable lipid content in adipose tissue - leptin

62
Q

Where is hormone leptin produced?

A

White adipose tissue

63
Q

When is leptin secreted?

A

In repos-one to increased triglyceride levels and works to suppress appetite

64
Q

The effects of hormonal control of appetite Is primary mediated by…?

A

The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

65
Q

Disruption of leptin signaling in animal causes what?

A

Obesity

66
Q

What are the categories of vitamins?

A

Fat soluble and water soluble

67
Q

What do fat soluble vitamins require?

A

Bile acids for solubilization and absorption

68
Q

Excess fat soluble vitamins are stored where?

A

In adipose tissue

69
Q

Excess water soluble vitamins are excreted where?

A

In urine by the kidneys

70
Q

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E and K

71
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, C, biotin and folate

72
Q

What is the purpose of vitamin A?

A

Visual pigment

73
Q

What is the purpose of vitamin D?

A

Control calcium deposition

74
Q

What is the purpose of vitamin E?

A

Prevents oxidation of unsaturated fats

75
Q

What is the purpose of vitamin K?

A

Formation of blood coagulation factors

76
Q

What is the purpose of vitamin B1?

A

Thiamine - enzymatic decarboxylations

77
Q

What is the purpose of vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin - Made into FAD, electron transporter

78
Q

What is the purpose of vitamin B3?

A

Niacin - Made into NAD electron transporter

79
Q

What is the purpose of vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine - coenzyme involved in protein and amino acid metabolism

80
Q

What is the purpose of vitamin B12?

A

Cobalamin - coenzyme involved in the reduction of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides

81
Q

What is the purpose of vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid - collagen formation; deficiency = scurvy

82
Q

What is the purpose of biotin?

A

Prosthetic group essential for transport of CO2 groups

83
Q

What is the purpose of folate ?

A

Enzyme cofactor - used in transport of methylene groups, synthesis of purines and thymine, needed for normal fetal nervous system

MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions