Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS > MCAT BIO CH. 4 PART 1 > Flashcards

MCAT BIO CH. 4 PART 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the building block of DNA?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is dATP?

A

Deoxyadenosine 5’ triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are nucleotides built from?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are purines and pyrimidines?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a nucleoside? What is a nucleotide?

A
  1. A ribose or deoxyribose with a purine or pyrimidine linked to the 1’ carbon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A
  1. Phosphate esters of nucleosides with phosphate groups joined to the ribose ring by the 5’ hydroxy group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a NTP?

A

Nucleoside triphosphate, NTP: nucleotide contain three phosphate residues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the backbone of the DNA? Why?

A

The sugar and phosphate portion of the nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are polynucleotide?

A

Nucleotides covalently linked in a chain by phosphodiester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is the phosphodiester bond based on nucleotides?

A

3’ hyroxy group of one of the deoxyribose and the 5’ phosphate group of the next deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What if the nucleotide contains the phosphate residues?

A

dNTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an oglionucleotide?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a polynucleotide?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the written first in the polynucleotide chain?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Watson-Crick Model of DNA Structure?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is the orientation of the double stranded DNA?

A

Antiparallel orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does antiparellel orientation mean?

A

The 5’ end of one chain is paired with the 3’ nd of the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are the hydrogen bonds located based on the double stranded DNA?

A

H-bonds in ds-DNA are between the bases on adjacent chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do the H-bonds pair up in the double stranded DNA? What does this symbolize?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How many H bonds between A-T? What about G-C?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The GC base pair takes up more room in the DNA double helix. T/F

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Two chains of DNA are said to be complimentary based on what…?

A

If the bases in each strand can hydrogen bond when the strands are orientedin an antiparallel fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is annealing or hybridization?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is melting or denaturation?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a right-handed double helix?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the interior and exterior components of the right-handed double helix?

A

Interior: The bases

Exterior: Ribose/Phosphate backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the double helix stabilized by?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a genome?

A

The sum total of an organism’s genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do prokarytoric genomes have based on chromosomes?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The size difference in higher eukaryotic genomes is the result of what…?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What enzyme do prokaryotes use to compact the DNA?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does DNA Gyrase do?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How does DNA Gyrase function?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the resulting strucure caused by DNA Gyrase?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the twists created by Gyrase called?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How do eukaryotic cells use to compact the genome even more than prokaryotic cells?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What do histone proteins do?

A

DNA is wrapped around those globular proteins (histones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are nucleosomes?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are linker DNA?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is a DNA linker bound by?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is chromatin?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are usually used to look for patterns and morphology based on chromosomes and why?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What happens when the chromosomes are treated with stained chemicals?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the darker regions of the chromosomes called once stained?

A

Heterochromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the lighter regions of the chromosomes called once stained?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Which areas are more dense; heterochromatin or euchromatin?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What do the lighter regions of the chromsomes have?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is a centromere?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are kinetochores?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What do other protein complexes do, based on centromere activity?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are centromeres made from?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the names for the arms of the chromsomes?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What defines the ratio between the long and short arms of the chromsomes?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is a metacentric position?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is a submetacentric length of arms?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is an acrocentric centromere position?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is a telocentric centromere position?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are telomeres?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

How are telemores distinctive?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are factors of the repeated sequences in the telomeres?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Many verteberates have what repeat in telomeres?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

T/F Telomeres are only composed of double stranded DNA.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Where are the single stranded DNA found based on telomeres?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is the physical appearance of the single strand at the end of the telomere?

A

Forms a knot and held together by many telomere-associated proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is the function of the telomeres?

A

Prevent chromosomes deterioration and prevent fusion with other chromsomes; function as disposable buffers by blocking the ends of chromsomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Prokaryotes also have telomeres. T/F

A

False: Since mos prokaryotes have a circular genomes, their DNA does not contain telomeres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

How many different chromosomes does the human genome contain?

A

24 different chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What are the compositions of the 24 different chrosomomes?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are intergenic regions?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are major components of intergenic regions?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are some factors about intergenic regions, even though they are known not to have any function?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What does a gene include?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What are single nucleotide polymorphism? (SNPs)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Where do SNPs occur more frequently?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What are copy-number variations? (CNVs)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What can happen to regions of the genome, relating to CNVs?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is a hypothesis as to why large regions of DNA genome is duplicated or deleted?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What is the average for large regions of the genome?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What are tandem repeats?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What can unstable tandem repeats lead to?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What components of the DNA are rich in tandem repeats?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What did Hershey and Chase prove?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What can transcription generate?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is the central dogma?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

How many codons are there in total?

A

64 codons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

How many codons specify for amino acids?

A

61

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

If 61 codons specify for an amino acid, what are the three remaining ones?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What are stop codons also known as and why?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What is a synonyms, based on codons?

A

Two or mroe codons coding for the same amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Because it has such synonyms, the genetic code is said to be what…?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Even thouh an amino acid may be specified by several codons….

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What are retroviruses?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What are other ways information can be transferred without using the central dogma?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Many final gene products are not proteins but are…..

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What is DNA replication?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What type of process if the DNA replication?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

During which phase does DNA replication occur?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What are the three possible ways DNA was thought to replicate?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What is the dispersive replication theory?

A

Both copies of the genomes were composed of scattered pieces of new and old DNA

102
Q

What is the replication method of DNA?

A
103
Q

What is semi-consevative model?

A
104
Q

What is the end result of semi-conservative replication?

A
105
Q

What is helicase and what does it do?

A
106
Q

The replication of DNA cannot begin unless…..

A
107
Q

Where does helicase starts unwinding?

A

It’s not random; it begins at the origin of replication (ORI)

108
Q

How is the correct ORI found for helicase to begin?

A
109
Q

What finds the ORI in prokaryotes?

A

A protein called DnaA finds the ORI

110
Q

What finds the ORI in eukarytoes?

A
111
Q

When are the three proteins synthesized, the three proteins that cooperate to find the ORI?

A
112
Q

What do the two proteins from the three proteins that cooperate to the ORI, ensure?

A
113
Q

What happens when helicase unwinds the DNA?

A
114
Q

Why doesn’t the chromsome get tangle or break when helicase unwinds it? It should since it gets even more wound up and downstream, so what happens?

A
115
Q

What is the function of topoisomerase?

A
116
Q

What is the purpose of single-strand bnding proteins (SSBPs)?

A
117
Q

What are the separated DNA strands referred to?

A
118
Q

What must be synthesized for each template strand?

A
119
Q

What synthesizes the RNA primer?

A
120
Q

Why is primer synthesis important in DNA replication?

A
121
Q

What is the length of the RNA primer and what happens later?

A
122
Q

What does the DNA polymerase do?

A
123
Q

How does DNA polymerase elongate the RNA primer?

A
124
Q

The template strand is read in what direction and what is the end direction of the daughter strand?

A
125
Q

What is at the 3’ end during the addition of dNTPs by DNA poly?

A
126
Q

What does the 3’ hydroxyl group do?

A
127
Q

What is the DNA polymerase apart of?

A
128
Q

What do other accesory proteins help with in regards to DNA poly?

A
129
Q

What is the different in components of the prokaryotic replisome and eukayrotic replisome?

A

Prokaryotic replisome: Contains 13 components

130
Q

Why is additional complexisty in the eukaryotic system required?

A
131
Q

How will the two primers elongate, in what direction?

A
132
Q

What do DNA polymerase check during the elongation of the daughter strands?

A

Checks each nucleotide tomake sure it forms a correct base-pair before it is incorporated in the growing polymer

133
Q

What is the thermodynamic driving force for the polymerization reaction?

A
134
Q

In what direction does polymerization occurs?

A
135
Q

Where are the nucleotide added, at which end of the strand?

A
136
Q

What does DNA poly require to start its process?

A
137
Q

How are both template strands read? How are the daughter strands elongated?

A
138
Q

What is the replication fork?

A
139
Q

What is the leading strand?

A
140
Q

Where are the lagging strands?

A

Top daughter on the right and bottom

141
Q

What are lagging strands?

A
142
Q

What are okazaki fragments?

A

Small chunks of DNA comprising the lagging strand

143
Q

Replication of the leading strand….while the replication of the lagging strand is……

A
144
Q

What happens to the RNA primes?

A
145
Q

What’s the purpose of DNA ligase?

A
146
Q

Why is DNA poly considered to be processive?

A
147
Q

How many DNA poly does prokaryotes have? Which ones are the most importnat?

A
  1. 5

DNA poly III and DNA poly I

148
Q

What is the purpose of DNA poly III?

A
149
Q

What type of activites does DNA poly 3 have?

A
150
Q

What does exonuclease mean?

A
151
Q

What does endonuclease mean?

A
152
Q

What are two important types of endonucleases?

A
153
Q

What is the purpose of repair enzymes?

A
154
Q

What is the purpose of restriction enzymes?

A

Destroy the DNA of infecting viruses and restrict the host range of the virus

155
Q

Where are restriction enzymes found?

A
156
Q

What is the proofreading function?

A
157
Q

What is the DNA poly III considered based on function?

A
158
Q

What does the DNA poly I do?

A
159
Q

How is the processitivty of DNA poly I?

A
160
Q

What is DNA poly I capable of?

A
  1. 3’ to 5’ exonuclease acitivity

2.

161
Q

What does DNA poly I need to use his 5’ to 3’ exonuclease attribute on?

A
162
Q

Which DNA poly is important for excision repair?

A
163
Q

What are the activities of DNA poly II?

A
164
Q

What is the function of DNA pol II?

A

Involved in DNA repair and backup for DNA pol III

165
Q

What is the function of DNA pol IV and DNA pol V?

A
166
Q

How many chromosomes do prokayotes have?

A
167
Q

How many origins does the prokaryote chromosome have?

A
168
Q

What is the physical structure of the chromsome?

A
169
Q

Why is the prokaryote replication said to be a theta mechanism and a theta replication?

A

During replication, the paritially duplicated genome begins to look like the Greek Letter theta

170
Q

How many origins do chrosomes have in eukaryotic replication?

A

Each chromsome have several origins

171
Q

What are replication bubbles?

A
172
Q

What happens near the end of a chromosome?

A
173
Q

Why is there a roadblock at the end of the chomsome based on the requirements?

A
174
Q

After each round o the DNA replication cell cycle, what happens to the telomeres?

A
175
Q

What are telomeres?

A
176
Q

When the telomeres become too short and reach a critical length where the chromosome may be consumed, what happens?

A
177
Q

What is a senescent state?

A
178
Q

What is the hayflick limits?

A
179
Q

What is the function of telomerase?

A

Enzyme that adds repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of chromosomes and lengthens telomeres

180
Q

What is telomerase, structural wise?

A

Rionucleoprotein complex, containing an RNA primer and reverse transciptase enzyme

181
Q

How does reverse transcriptase reads?

A

Reads RNA templates and generate DNA

182
Q

The telomerase complex continuously polymerizes and then….?

A
183
Q

Where are telomerase enzymes usually expressed?

A
184
Q

Which disease can express telomerase? What does that cause?

A
185
Q

Why does telomerase help cancer cells immortalize?

A
186
Q

How can genetic mutations occur?

A

Inherited or acquired throughout life

187
Q

What are mutations that can be passed onto offsprings?

A
188
Q

Why are they called germline mutations?

A
189
Q

What are somatic mutations?

A
190
Q

What ae the three causes of mutations?

A
  1. Physical Mutagens
  2. Reactive Chemicals
  3. Biological Agents
191
Q

What is a type of physical mutagen?

A

Ionizing radiation

192
Q

What are types of ionization radiation?

A

X-ray, alpha particles, gamma rays

193
Q

What do ionizing radiation do to DNA?

A

Breaks DNA

194
Q

What does UV light cause to DNA that is special?

A

Cause them pyrimidines to become covalently linked

195
Q

What can reactive chemicals cause to a cell?

A

Chemicals can covalently alter bases or can cause cross-linking or strand breaks

196
Q

What arae cross-links?

A

Abnoral covalent bonds between different parts of DNA

197
Q

What is the name of a compound that can cause mutations?

A

Mutagen

198
Q

What is intercalating compounds, what do they do?

A

They look like purines and pyrimidines by havng the large flat aromatic ring structure and insert themselves between base pairs

199
Q

Which chemical is an example of appearing similar to a purine or pyrimidine?

A

Ethidium bromide

200
Q

What type of biological agent can cause mutations? Provide an example.

A

Viruses and transposons exmaple Lysogenic viruses

201
Q

What do lysogenic viruses do?

A

Insert into the genome of the host cell and can disrupt genetic function

202
Q

What are the four common types of mutations?

A
  1. Point mutations
  2. Insertions
  3. Deletions
  4. Inversions
203
Q

What are the three non-common types of mutations?

A
  1. Amplifications
  2. Translocations and rearragements
  3. Loss of heterozygosity
204
Q

What are point mutations?

A

Single base pair substitutions

205
Q

What are the two versions of point mutations?

A
  1. Transitions
  2. Transversions
206
Q

What is a transition point mutation?

A

Substitution of a pyri/puri for another pyri/puri

207
Q

What is a transversion point mutation?

A

Substitution of a pyri for a puri or a puri for a pyri

208
Q

What are the three type of point mutations?

A
  1. Missense mutation
  2. Nonsense mutation
  3. Silent mutation
209
Q

What is missense mutation?

A

Onw amino acid replaced with a different amino acid; not serious if amino acids are similar

210
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

A stop codon replaces a regular codon and prematurely shortens protein

211
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

A codon is changed into a new codon for the same amino acid, no change in the protein’s amino acid sequence

212
Q

What is an insertion type of mutation?

A

Addition of one or more extra nucleotides into the DNA sequence

213
Q

What is a deletion type of mutation?

A

The removal of nucleotide from the sequence

214
Q

What are frameshift mutations?

A

Change in the reading frame

215
Q

What can framshift lead to?

A

Premature termination of translation if it results in the presence of an abnormal stop codon (incomplete polypeptide)

216
Q

What is an inversion mutation?

A

A segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end

217
Q

What mutations can cause transposons?

A

Insertions, deletions and inversions

218
Q

What is chromsome amplification?

A

A segment of a chromsome is duplicated

219
Q

What is translocations mutation?

A

Recombination occurs between nonhomologous chromosomes

220
Q

What can traslocation cause?

A

Gene dusion; a new gene product is made from parts of two genes that were not previously connected

221
Q

What are two types of translocations mutations and what do they mean?

A
  1. Balanced
  2. Unblanced
222
Q

What are transposons?

A

Mobile genetic elements in genomes

223
Q

What does it mean when we state that transposons have genetic mobility?

A

These short segments can jump around the genome

224
Q

What are the three common types of transposons?

A
  1. IS element
  2. Contain additional genes
  3. Composite transposons
225
Q

What are IS element composed of?

A

Composed of tranposase gene flanked by inverted repeated sequences

226
Q

What is an example of complex tranpossons with additional genes in the center?

A

Contains gene for antibiotic resistance

227
Q

What are composite transposons?

A

Two similar or identical IS elecments with a central region in between?

228
Q

Whatis a gene that all tranposons have?

A

Protein called tranposase

229
Q

What type of activity do transposase have?

A

“Cut-and-paste”

230
Q

What is the function of transposase?

A

Catalyzes mobilization of tranposon and intergration into a new geneti location

231
Q

Based on tranposons, what is the mobilization of tranposon site considered? What about the intergration into a new genetic locatino, what is it called?

A
  1. Excision from the donor site
  2. The acceptor site
232
Q

The inverted repeats in transposase are important for what?

A

For mobilization

233
Q

What does the transposase gene codes for?

A

A tranposase enzyme

234
Q

What can tranposons cause based on structure?

A

Structural changes to chromosomes when they work in pair

235
Q

What can happen if a chromsome has two tranposons inthe samedirection?

A

The transposons can line up beside each other to be parallel and cause the chromsomal segement b/n them to loop around

236
Q

What happens to the chromsome segment attached to the DNA when the transposons caused a loop around?

A

Causes deletion of the DNA b/n the to trnsposons and the original chromosome loses the DNA segment between

237
Q

What can the transposon with the new chunk of DNA cause?

A

It can jump back into the genome somewhere else, causing rearrangement

238
Q

What can happen if two transposons with inverted orientations cause to the chromsome and how?

A

Recombine and seqnce of DNA between the two transposons may be inverted

239
Q

Why is a mutation in one copy of a diploid organism tolerable?

A

Because diploid organisms have two copies of a gene

240
Q

What is a loss of heterozygosity?

A

If a deletion removes the normal copy of the gene and the only one reaining is the mutated version

241
Q

What does the loss of heterozygosity cause to the locus?

A

Makes the locus hemizygous; only one gene copy in the diploid organism

242
Q

What type of example was provided for loss of heterozygosity?

A

Hereditary retinoblastoma

243
Q

What is heriditary blastoma?

A

A type of retinal cancer commo in young children

244
Q

What does heriditary retinoblastoma occur?

A

A child receives a bad copy of tumor suppressor Rb1 from a perent, and a loss of heterozygosity leads to the normal allele lost

245
Q

Why are mutations on sex chromosomes have greater effects than mutations on autosomes?

A

Males have only one X chromosome and one Y chromosome with no backup copy either

246
Q

Haploid expression in a diploid organism is called what?

A

Hemizygosity

247
Q

What is gain-of-function muttion?

A

Increase the activity of a certain gene product, or change it such that it gains a new and abnormal function

248
Q

What is a loss of function mutation?

A

Result in the gene product having less or no function

249
Q

What is haploinsuficiency?

A

Sometimes having only a single functional copy of the gene is not enough

250
Q

What are two types of beneficial mutations?

A
  1. Sickle-cell anemia
  2. Missing 32 base pairs in gene called CCR5
251
Q
A

MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions