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MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS > BIO Class 4 > Flashcards

BIO Class 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are viruses based on the way they replicate?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

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2
Q

What are viruses composed of?

A

Protein and nucleic acids

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3
Q

What is the capsid?

A

Protein of the virus

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4
Q

Where is the genome in viruses?

A

In the capsid

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5
Q

What are the two basic steps of viral life cycles?

A
  1. Attachment (Adsorption)

2. Injection (Penetration)

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6
Q

What does the virus do during injection?

A

Insert genome into the bacterial host

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7
Q

What is the first step to the lytic cycle?

A

Transcribe and translate the viral genome

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8
Q

What are early genes? Examples?

A

Transcribed and translated early on; hydrolyses and capsid proteins

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9
Q

What does hydrolase do based on viruses?

A

Destroy host cell genome

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10
Q

What does hydrolase help with creating when destroying host cell genome?

A

Create a pool of free deoxynucleotides for viral genome replication

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11
Q

What is the second step of the lytic cycle?

A

Replicate the viral genome

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12
Q

What is the last step of the lytic cycle?

A

Lysis of host and release of new viral particles

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13
Q

What is a late gene?

A

Transcribed and translated late in cycle

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14
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

Put holes in bacterial cell walls

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15
Q

What is the first step to the lysogenic cycle?

A

Integrate viral genome with host genome

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16
Q

What is provirus? (Lysogenic cycle)

A

The included virus genome in the regular genome

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17
Q

What does the provirus use to that its not transcribed or translated? (Lysogenic cycle)

A

Repressors staying in viral genome

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18
Q

What is the third step to the lysogenic cycle?

A

Excision and lytic cycle which requires removal of the repressor

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19
Q

What is transduction in the step of excision and lytic cycle?

A

Transfer of host DNA to a new host via lysogenic virus

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20
Q

What is the productive cycle?

A

Similar to the lytic cycle but we only have budding, no lysis

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21
Q

Which type of cells can go through productive cycle?

A

Animal cells only

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22
Q

What is an enveloped virus?

A

A virus that has gone through in productive cycle

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23
Q

What are the advantages of productive cycle?

A
  1. Get a lot more virus

2. Enveloppe

24
Q

What does the envelope of the productive cycle help?

A
  1. Immune protection

2. Easier infection; virus taken up whole (Eclipse)

25
Q

What is eclipse in productive cycle?

A

Virus taken up whole

26
Q

What is eclipse in productive cycle?

A

Virus taken up whole

27
Q

How does +RNA reproduce?

A

Translate using host ribosomes and create viral proteins

28
Q

What enzyme helps in making a new RNA strand from an RNA strand?

A

RNA dependent RNA polymerase

29
Q

What is -RNA strand?

A

Translated +RNA strand from RNA dependent RNA polymerase

30
Q

What is the -RNA?

A

Template the mRNA

31
Q

How does +RNA lysogenic need to do first to be able to insert itself in the host genome? What enzyme is used?

A

Create a DNA strand of its own +RNA, RNA dep DNA poly

32
Q

What is another term for RNA dependent DNA poly?

A

Reverse transcripase

33
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

Makes DNA from RNA

34
Q

What is the problem with the +RNA lysogenic against humans?

A
  1. Permanently in the genome

2. Rapid mutation

35
Q

What type of sub viral article is prions?

A

Infectious proteins

36
Q

Since prions are infectious proteins, what are its facts?

A
  1. no DNA or RNA
  2. no membranes or organelles
  3. Small
  4. Extremely stable
37
Q

What are the two types prions?

A
  1. Normal prions

2. Mutant prions

38
Q

What is the normal prions meant to do?

A

Protect neurons

39
Q

Prions cannot be inherited, T/F.

A

False; it can be inherited

40
Q

What are viroids?

A

Virus-like sub viral particle

41
Q

What is the characteristics of viroids?

A
  1. Circular RNA
  2. No capsid
  3. Must be connected
42
Q

How do viroids act?

A

Act as miRNAs or siRNAs to block translate

43
Q

How is the virus able to replicate itself into -RNA?

A

RNA polymerase II

44
Q

What are the bacterial structures?

A
  1. Coccus
  2. Bacillus
  3. Spirillum
45
Q

What are the two types of cell wall membrane?

A

Gram + and gram -

46
Q

What is the difference between gram + and gram -?

A

Gram - cell wall is outside, and gram + has the cell wall between outer and inner membrane

47
Q

What are mesophiles bacterias?

A

Medium temperature

48
Q

What are thermophiles bacterias?

A

Love heat temperature

49
Q

What are psychrophiles bacterias?

A

Love cold temperature

50
Q

What is an obligate aerobe?

A

Obligated to use oxygen

51
Q

What is facultative anaerobe?

A

Useoxygen when present but doesn’t need to

52
Q

What is an example of photoheterotrophs?

A

Carnivorous plants

53
Q

What are photoheterotrophs?

A

Can convert sunlit

54
Q

What are photoheterotrophs?

A

Can convert sunlight but need to eat other organisms to make their own carbo chain

55
Q

What are auxotrophs?

A

Cannot make something and need help

MCAT BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS (23 decks)

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