BIO Class 4

Question 1

What are viruses based on the way they replicate?

Answer 1

Obligate intracellular parasites

Question 2

What are viruses composed of?

Answer 2

Protein and nucleic acids

Question 3

What is the capsid?

Answer 3

Protein of the virus

Question 4

Where is the genome in viruses?

Answer 4

In the capsid

Question 5

What are the two basic steps of viral life cycles?

Answer 5

1. Attachment (Adsorption)

2. Injection (Penetration)

Question 6

What does the virus do during injection?

Answer 6

Insert genome into the bacterial host

Question 7

What is the first step to the lytic cycle?

Answer 7

Transcribe and translate the viral genome

Question 8

What are early genes? Examples?

Answer 8

Transcribed and translated early on; hydrolyses and capsid proteins

Question 9

What does hydrolase do based on viruses?

Answer 9

Destroy host cell genome

Question 10

What does hydrolase help with creating when destroying host cell genome?

Answer 10

Create a pool of free deoxynucleotides for viral genome replication

Question 11

What is the second step of the lytic cycle?

Answer 11

Replicate the viral genome

Question 12

What is the last step of the lytic cycle?

Answer 12

Lysis of host and release of new viral particles

Question 13

What is a late gene?

Answer 13

Transcribed and translated late in cycle

Question 14

What does lysozyme do?

Answer 14

Put holes in bacterial cell walls

Question 15

What is the first step to the lysogenic cycle?

Answer 15

Integrate viral genome with host genome

Question 16

What is provirus? (Lysogenic cycle)

Answer 16

The included virus genome in the regular genome

Question 17

What does the provirus use to that its not transcribed or translated? (Lysogenic cycle)

Answer 17

Repressors staying in viral genome

Question 18

What is the third step to the lysogenic cycle?

Answer 18

Excision and lytic cycle which requires removal of the repressor

Question 19

What is transduction in the step of excision and lytic cycle?

Answer 19

Transfer of host DNA to a new host via lysogenic virus

Question 20

What is the productive cycle?

Answer 20

Similar to the lytic cycle but we only have budding, no lysis

Question 21

Which type of cells can go through productive cycle?

Answer 21

Animal cells only

Question 22

What is an enveloped virus?

Answer 22

A virus that has gone through in productive cycle

Question 23

What are the advantages of productive cycle?

Answer 23

1. Get a lot more virus

2. Enveloppe

Question 24

What does the envelope of the productive cycle help?

Answer 24

1. Immune protection

2. Easier infection; virus taken up whole (Eclipse)

Question 25

What is eclipse in productive cycle?

Answer 25

Virus taken up whole

Question 26

What is eclipse in productive cycle?

Answer 26

Virus taken up whole

Question 27

How does +RNA reproduce?

Answer 27

Translate using host ribosomes and create viral proteins

Question 28

What enzyme helps in making a new RNA strand from an RNA strand?

Answer 28

RNA dependent RNA polymerase

Question 29

What is -RNA strand?

Answer 29

Translated +RNA strand from RNA dependent RNA polymerase

Question 30

What is the -RNA?

Answer 30

Template the mRNA

Question 31

How does +RNA lysogenic need to do first to be able to insert itself in the host genome? What enzyme is used?

Answer 31

Create a DNA strand of its own +RNA, RNA dep DNA poly

Question 32

What is another term for RNA dependent DNA poly?

Answer 32

Reverse transcripase

Question 33

What is a retrovirus?

Answer 33

Makes DNA from RNA

Question 34

What is the problem with the +RNA lysogenic against humans?

Answer 34

1. Permanently in the genome | 2. Rapid mutation

Question 35

What type of sub viral article is prions?

Answer 35

Infectious proteins

Question 36

Since prions are infectious proteins, what are its facts?

Answer 36

1. no DNA or RNA 2. no membranes or organelles 3. Small 4. Extremely stable

Question 37

What are the two types prions?

Answer 37

1. Normal prions | 2. Mutant prions

Question 38

What is the normal prions meant to do?

Answer 38

Protect neurons

Question 39

Prions cannot be inherited, T/F.

Answer 39

False; it can be inherited

Question 40

What are viroids?

Answer 40

Virus-like sub viral particle

Question 41

What is the characteristics of viroids?

Answer 41

1. Circular RNA 2. No capsid 3. Must be connected

Question 42

How do viroids act?

Answer 42

Act as miRNAs or siRNAs to block translate

Question 43

How is the virus able to replicate itself into -RNA?

Answer 43

RNA polymerase II

Question 44

What are the bacterial structures?

Answer 44

1. Coccus 2. Bacillus 3. Spirillum

Question 45

What are the two types of cell wall membrane?

Answer 45

Gram + and gram -

Question 46

What is the difference between gram + and gram -?

Answer 46

Gram - cell wall is outside, and gram + has the cell wall between outer and inner membrane

Question 47

What are mesophiles bacterias?

Answer 47

Medium temperature

Question 48

What are thermophiles bacterias?

Answer 48

Love heat temperature

Question 49

What are psychrophiles bacterias?

Answer 49

Love cold temperature

Question 50

What is an obligate aerobe?

Answer 50

Obligated to use oxygen

Question 51

What is facultative anaerobe?

Answer 51

Useoxygen when present but doesn't need to

Question 52

What is an example of photoheterotrophs?

Answer 52

Carnivorous plants

Question 53

What are photoheterotrophs?

Answer 53

Can convert sunlit

Question 54

What are photoheterotrophs?

Answer 54

Can convert sunlight but need to eat other organisms to make their own carbo chain

Question 55

What are auxotrophs?

Answer 55

Cannot make something and need help