BIO Class 4 Flashcards
What are viruses based on the way they replicate?
Obligate intracellular parasites
What are viruses composed of?
Protein and nucleic acids
What is the capsid?
Protein of the virus
Where is the genome in viruses?
In the capsid
What are the two basic steps of viral life cycles?
- Attachment (Adsorption)
2. Injection (Penetration)
What does the virus do during injection?
Insert genome into the bacterial host
What is the first step to the lytic cycle?
Transcribe and translate the viral genome
What are early genes? Examples?
Transcribed and translated early on; hydrolyses and capsid proteins
What does hydrolase do based on viruses?
Destroy host cell genome
What does hydrolase help with creating when destroying host cell genome?
Create a pool of free deoxynucleotides for viral genome replication
What is the second step of the lytic cycle?
Replicate the viral genome
What is the last step of the lytic cycle?
Lysis of host and release of new viral particles
What is a late gene?
Transcribed and translated late in cycle
What does lysozyme do?
Put holes in bacterial cell walls
What is the first step to the lysogenic cycle?
Integrate viral genome with host genome
What is provirus? (Lysogenic cycle)
The included virus genome in the regular genome
What does the provirus use to that its not transcribed or translated? (Lysogenic cycle)
Repressors staying in viral genome
What is the third step to the lysogenic cycle?
Excision and lytic cycle which requires removal of the repressor
What is transduction in the step of excision and lytic cycle?
Transfer of host DNA to a new host via lysogenic virus
What is the productive cycle?
Similar to the lytic cycle but we only have budding, no lysis
Which type of cells can go through productive cycle?
Animal cells only
What is an enveloped virus?
A virus that has gone through in productive cycle
What are the advantages of productive cycle?
- Get a lot more virus
2. Enveloppe
What does the envelope of the productive cycle help?
- Immune protection
2. Easier infection; virus taken up whole (Eclipse)
What is eclipse in productive cycle?
Virus taken up whole
What is eclipse in productive cycle?
Virus taken up whole
How does +RNA reproduce?
Translate using host ribosomes and create viral proteins
What enzyme helps in making a new RNA strand from an RNA strand?
RNA dependent RNA polymerase
What is -RNA strand?
Translated +RNA strand from RNA dependent RNA polymerase
What is the -RNA?
Template the mRNA
How does +RNA lysogenic need to do first to be able to insert itself in the host genome? What enzyme is used?
Create a DNA strand of its own +RNA, RNA dep DNA poly
What is another term for RNA dependent DNA poly?
Reverse transcripase
What is a retrovirus?
Makes DNA from RNA
What is the problem with the +RNA lysogenic against humans?
- Permanently in the genome
2. Rapid mutation
What type of sub viral article is prions?
Infectious proteins
Since prions are infectious proteins, what are its facts?
- no DNA or RNA
- no membranes or organelles
- Small
- Extremely stable
What are the two types prions?
- Normal prions
2. Mutant prions
What is the normal prions meant to do?
Protect neurons
Prions cannot be inherited, T/F.
False; it can be inherited
What are viroids?
Virus-like sub viral particle
What is the characteristics of viroids?
- Circular RNA
- No capsid
- Must be connected
How do viroids act?
Act as miRNAs or siRNAs to block translate
How is the virus able to replicate itself into -RNA?
RNA polymerase II
What are the bacterial structures?
- Coccus
- Bacillus
- Spirillum
What are the two types of cell wall membrane?
Gram + and gram -
What is the difference between gram + and gram -?
Gram - cell wall is outside, and gram + has the cell wall between outer and inner membrane
What are mesophiles bacterias?
Medium temperature
What are thermophiles bacterias?
Love heat temperature
What are psychrophiles bacterias?
Love cold temperature
What is an obligate aerobe?
Obligated to use oxygen
What is facultative anaerobe?
Useoxygen when present but doesn’t need to
What is an example of photoheterotrophs?
Carnivorous plants
What are photoheterotrophs?
Can convert sunlit
What are photoheterotrophs?
Can convert sunlight but need to eat other organisms to make their own carbo chain
What are auxotrophs?
Cannot make something and need help
