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Microbiology 2 > M5 Routes of Transmission > Flashcards

M5 Routes of Transmission Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is he basic idea of pathogenesis

A

way pathogen release spread and contact a host

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2
Q

what are he steps of pathogenesis

A

adhere/colonise and invade
evade host defences
multiply/divide its life cycle
exit host

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3
Q

what are the two main routes of transmission

A

direct and indirect

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4
Q

what is direct contact

A

actual contact with pathogen some transmission

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5
Q

what is direct contcat

A

common vehicle

infected water, touched surface, needle

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6
Q

what are the ways a droplet can infect

A

cough
sneeze
talking
procedure

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7
Q

what is the size of airborne particles

A

5 micrometres or small particles

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8
Q

how can some bac be airborne from mouth

A

high speed drill use in aq enviro

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9
Q

what are some examples of a common vehicle

A

food
water
medications
equipment

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10
Q

what is an example of vector borne disease

A

malaria from mosquitos

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11
Q

what are the 5 I’s of spreading an infection

A 
Inhalation
Ingestion
Inoculation
mother to Infant 
INtercourse
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12
Q

why is it important to know the 5 I’s of trnsmission

A

if known can interrupt transmission

principles apply in healthcare and community settings

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13
Q

what is the inhalation to attain an infection

A

resp trcat

direct contact - pt to dentists

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14
Q

how is direct inhalation taken out

A

saliva sneezing drill aerosol

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15
Q

what is the indirect airborne spread of inhalation

A

droplets contaminate material first host makes contact with material droplets evaporate to form droplet nuclei

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16
Q

what is an example of indirect arbour inhalation

A

influenza
m TB
chicken pox
measles

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17
Q

what is the travelling of a droplet known as

A

environmental disperiosnn

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18
Q

what si the etiquette of cough/sneeze

A

cover nose/mouth w/tissues
dispose in waste bin
wash hands with soap
keep contaminated hands away from mucous mems

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19
Q

what precautions are then to protect from droplets

A 
gloves
masks
arpon 
eye protection
vaccination
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20
Q

what can happen to skin and mucous mems when in direct contact with infectious agent

A

skin to skin = impetigo, warts, ringworm

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21
Q

what can happen to having intercourse with indiv with infectious agent

A

STD or venereal
disease
gonorrhoeae

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22
Q

what can haooent o skin nd mucous memes with indirect contact of ingestion/inocluation or intercourse

A

breach barrier - cuts, burns, tooth extractions
tissue accessible to infectious material
- commensal s. aureus

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23
Q

what si the skin microbiota like on the hand

A

skin aerobic bac

fingertips 0-3000 colonies

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24
Q

what si procedure fro clothing etc in clinical areas assc with hands

A

bare below elbow
no neck tie
short sleeve
no wrist watch

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25
Q

what are some ways of inoculation of infectious agents

A

animal vectors
needlestick accident
contaminated needles

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26
Q

what are some diseases that use an animal vector

A

y. pestis
rabies
malaria

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27
Q

what are some needlestick accidents

A

hep B and C

HIV

28
Q

is hep or HIV more effective at trans

A

HEP B AND C

29
Q

how can contaminated needles spread disease

A

drug addicts
poor hygiene
needle reuse

30
Q

what si the most likely means of transmission to healthcare workers

A

inoculation of infected blood by sharps

blood splashing onto broken skin or mucous mem

31
Q

what si more effective direct contact or splashing

A

direct contact 10X more effective

32
Q

how are sharps disposed of

A

have designated bins waste stream orange clinical waste

33
Q

what is mother to infant transmission

A

vertical transmission

34
Q

how does vertical transmission occur

A

transplacental

birth blood and contact

35
Q

what possibilities can occur from mother to infant transmission

A

viruses - HIV, Herpes
STD’s - gonorrhoea, Syphilis
S.cocci
fusobacteria - still birth

36
Q

what is important to know from vertical transmission

A

that cannot judge child ro infant as disease free as vertical transmission can occur may be HIV positive for examples

37
Q

what can affect the alimentary canal via ingestion

A

water
food and milk
contact infection

38
Q

how can ingestion transmission affect through water

A

contaminated water, sewage drink

39
Q

how can food and milk affect ingestion transmission

A

contaminated at source - myco TB

contaminated thro storage

40
Q

how doe contact infection cause ingestion transmisson

A

poor hygiene

contaminated hands/utensils

41
Q

again what are most routes of entry

A 
inhalation
skina nd mucous mems
injection
vertical transmission
ingestion
urinary tract
42
Q

how is the urinary tract a possible route of entry

A

transfer to intestinal bac

cystitis, kidney infections

43
Q

what are some common precautions taken when infected infdividua

A

isolation/eradication
prevention transmission
protect susceptible individuals

44
Q

what is the isolation/eradication that can occur

A

quarantine
destroy
vaccinate

45
Q

how can prevention of trnamsiion occur

A

avoid direct contact - gloves, condoms, filter air

treatment -sterlise, disinfect, wet dating

46
Q

what is wet dating

A

just wet cloth

47
Q

what is a means of protecting susceptible individuals

A

vaccination, prohpylatct antibiotics used

socio - economic conditions, diet, etc

48
Q

how many pt acquire infection during hospital stay

A

6.4%

49
Q

what are some reason for drops in HAI

A 
hand washing 
protective gear 
regular cleaning 
isolating pt's 
appropriate use of antibiotics
50
Q

what are hAI’s

A

healthcare assc infections

51
Q

what si the rate of HAU in UK

A

9%

52
Q

what are some factors influence disease transmission

A

agent
environment
host

53
Q

what are some facts about the agent

A 
infectivity 
pathogenicity 
virulence
antigenic stability 
survival and resistance
54
Q

what are some facts about the environment

A 
weather 
housing 
geography
occupational setting
air quality 
food
55
Q

what are some factors to do with the host

A 
age 
sex 
genetics
behaviour 
nutritional status
health status
56
Q

what are some antibacterial defences

A 
physical systems 
chemical denfeces 
barriers
cellular replcement
normal microflora
antimicrobial peptides
acute phase response
acquired immunity
57
Q

what is classic complement function

A

Ab recognises Ags

58
Q

what is the classical pathway of complement

A 
C1 complex binds Fc potions Ab 
C1 complex activated 
cleaves C4 and C2
C4bC2a complex formed cleaves C3 
C3b allows products to bind that kill bacteria and marks cells for phgocytosiss
59
Q

what is MAC

A

membrane attack complex

60
Q

what does MAC activavt

A

C3b which cleaves C5

61
Q

what is important bout skin environment

A 
periodic drying 
moist areas 
acidic pH 
high salt 
inhibitory substances
62
Q

what are some inhibitory substances

A

lysosyme
cathelicidins
oleic acid

63
Q

what bacteria are commonly isolated form moist areas

A

staphylococcus and corynebacterium

64
Q

what is an example of coagulate -ve

A

staphylococcus spp

65
Q

what are some major pathogens of skin microbiota

A 
s. aureus 
s,cocci
bacillus
candida 
sometimes mycobacterium
66
Q

what is the concept of transient flora

A

occur when skin is not washed/ tired efficiently such as s.aureus

Microbiology 2 (23 decks)

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