Lungs Flashcards
Lungs
- Texture:_____
- Color: Young- _____
- Adult- ______ due to _________
•Weight: right- ___gram
left- ____ gram
Spongy
Brown
molted black; deposition of carbon particles
600
550
Each lung has the following features:
- It is ____ in shape.
- It has an apex, a base and 2 surfaces.
- The costal surface of each lung borders the ribs (front and back).
- On the medial (mediastinal) surface, the bronchi, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the lung at the ___
conical
hilum
Apex of lungs:
projects into _______(one inch above the _____ of the _____).
It is covered by ______
It is grooved anteriorly by _______
•Base: (inferior= _____ surface) is (concave or convex?) and sits on the diaphragm.
root of the neck
medial 1/3; clavicle
cervical pleura.
subclavian artery.
diaphragmatic
Concave
Anterior border :
is (sharp or blunt?) , (thin or thick?) and overlaps the _____.
- Anterior border of left lung presents a cardiac notch at its (upper or lower?) end + (thin or thick?) projection called the _____ ( above or below ?) the cardiac notch.
- Posterior border : is (flattened or rounded?) , (thin or thick?) and lies beside the _______
Sharp
Thin
heart
Lower; thin ; lingula
Below
rounded ; thick
vertebral column.
Costal surface of the lungs
- (concave or Convex ?)
- Covered by _____ which separates lung from: ribs, costal cartilages & intercostal muscles.
Convex
costal pleura
Medial surface of the lungs
- It is divided into 2 parts:
- Anterior (______) part:
- Contains a ____ in the middle (it is a depression in which bronchi, vessels, & nerves forming the root of lung).
- Posterior (______) part:
- It is related to: _____ of thoracic vertebrae, intervertebral discs, posterior intercostal vessels & sympathetic trunk.
mediastinal; hilum
vertebral
bodies
RIGHT LUNG ROOT
_____ lie posterior.
- ________ is superior
- ____________ anterior
2 bronchi
Pulmonary artery
2 Pulmonary veins
LEFT LUNG ROOT
________ lies posterior
•________ is superior
•__________ anterior
One bronchus
Pulmonary artery
2 Pulmonary veins
Right lung
(Smaller or Larger?) & (shorter or longer?) than left lung.
•Divided by 2 fissures (____ and ____) into 3 lobes (upper, middle and lower lobes).
Larger ; shorter
oblique & horizontal
Left lung
Divided by one _____ fissure into -2 lobes, Upper and lower.
•It has a ______ at lower part of its (anterior or Posterior?) border.
oblique
cardiac notch
Anterior
Left Lung has horizontal fissure.
T/F
F
There is No horizontal fissure.
Mediastinal surface of right lung
On the mediastinal surface of the right lung, you find these structures:
- ____ vein and its arch ((anterior or posterior?) and over the root of the lung).
- ____ nerve (anterior or posterior?) to the root.
- _____ above and posterior to the root.
- ____ nerve anterior to the root.
- ____ impression: related to _____.
- Below hilum and in front of pulmonary ligament:
- Groove for _____
Azygos ; Posterior
Vagus; Posterior
Esophagus
Phrenic
Cardiac; right atrium
I.V.C.
Mediastinal surface of left lung
On the mediastinal surface of the left lung, you will find these structures: •\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ posterior to the root. •\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nerve posterior to the root. •Arch of the aorta (over or below?) the root. •Groove for \_\_\_\_\_\_ artery. •Groove for \_\_\_\_\_\_ artery. •\_\_\_\_\_\_ nerve anterior to the root. •\_\_\_\_\_ impression : related to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Descending aorta
Vagus
Over
left common carotid
left subclavian
Phrenic
Cardiac; left ventricle.
Blood supply of the lung
_______ arteries (branches of __________)….. supply oxygenated blood to bronchi , lung tissue & visceral pleura.
•Bronchial veins : drain into _____ and ___ veins.
- ______ artery which carries non-oxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lung alveoli.
- _______ veins : carry oxygenated blood from lung alveoli to the left atrium.
Bronchial; descending thoracic aorta
azygos & hemiazygos
Pulmonary
2 pulmonary veins
Nerve supply of the lung
Pulmonary plexus :
•at the ____________….is formed of autonomic N.S. from sympathetic & parasympathetic fibres.
1- Sympathetic F. from .. ________ and does broncho-______ and vaso_____.
2- Parasympathetic F. from….Vagus nerve …. Broncho- ______ and _____ to bronchial glands /and vaso_______
root of lung
sympathetic trunk
dilatation
constriction
constriction
secretomotor
dilatation.
BRONCHIIII
The trachea divides into 2 main bronchi:
- Right main bronchus: It ___ (before or after?) entering the hilum, it gives off ____ lobar ( ______ ) bronchus. On entering hilum, it divides into _____ lobar bronchi.
- Left On entering hilum, it divides into ____ and _____ lobar bronchi.
divides; before
superior; secondary
middle & inferior
On entering the hilum; superior & inferior
Bronchial Divisions
Within the lung each bronchus divides into number of branches that can be divided into two groups:
I-Conduction zone branches
Primary (\_\_\_\_) bronchi Secondary (\_\_\_) bronchi Tertiary (\_\_\_\_\_) bronchi \_\_\_\_\_ bronchi \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ bronchioles
main
lobar
segmental
Smaller
Bronchioles
Terminal
——- bronchi supply the bronchopulmonary segment
Tertiary
Respiratory zone branches •\_\_\_\_\_ bronchioles •\_\_\_\_\_\_ •\_\_\_\_\_\_ •\_\_\_\_
Respiratory
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
Characteristics of Bronchopulmonary segments
- It is _____ in shaped, its apex lies toward the ____, while its base lies on the ______
- It is surrounded by ________
- It has a _____ bronchus, a ____ artery, lymph vessels, and autonomic nerves.
pyramidal; root; lung surface.
connective tissue septa.
segmental; segmental
_______ are the anatomic, functional, and surgical units of the lungs.
Bronchopulmonary segment
Characteristics of Bronchopulmonary segments
The segmental vein lies in the _______ between the ______.
inter- segmental C.T. septa
segments
A diseased Bronchopulmonary segment can be removed surgically
T/F
With reason
T
because it is a structural unit.
Changes In Airway
As you go further down into the bronchial tree of each lung, changes in the airway occur:
● ____eased number of airways (__ primary; ____secondary;__ tertiary bronchi;____ terminal bronchioles; ____ alveolar ducts)
● ____eased diameter of each airway
Incr; 1; 2 or 3 ; 10; 6000; millions of
Decr
As you go further down into the bronchial tree of each lung, changes in the airway occur:
____eased amount of cartilage in the airways
● ___eased amount of smooth muscle (relative to diameter)
● lining epithelium changes from _____ _______ epithelium (in alveoli)
Decr
Incr
PSCC
simple squamous
no cartilage at all by _____ bronchioles
terminal
Alveoli are (narrower or expanded?) chambers of epithelial tissue that are the ____ surfaces of the lungs
● There are about ______ alveoli in each lung
● Multiple alveoli usually share a common ________, creating “_____”
Expanded
exchange
150 million
alveolar duct
alveolar sacs
There are three types of cells found within alveoli:
- ______ (aka “type I”) cells – primary cells making up the ___ of the alveoli
- ___ (aka “type II”) cells – sectrete “____” to (reduce or increase?) surface tension which prevents alveoli from _____ & allows for easier gas exchange
- Alveolar ____ (aka “___ cells”) – ____ cells that remove ____, ____ and ____
Alveolar Squamous epithelial ; wall
Septa ; surfactant; reduce; sticking together
macrophages ; dust
phagocytic;dust; debris & pathogens
Gas “exchange” occurs across the _____________ membrane
Respiratory membrane
Respiratory membrane
Is the fused membranes of the ______ & the __________________
alveolar epithelium
pulmonary capillary endothelium
Characteristic features of bronchopulnonary segment
It is ____ in shape with apex directed towards the ____ and base towards the ___ of the lung.
It is surrounded by the connective tissue.
It is aerated by the segmental (______) bronchus
pyramidal
hilum; surface
tertiary
List the bronchopulmonary segments of the right lung
Apical
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Medial Basal Lateral basal Anterior basal Posterior basal Apical
List the bronchopulmonary segments of the left lung
Apical
Posterior
Anterior
Superior lingula
Inferior lingula
Medial basal Lateral basal Anterior basal Posterior basal Apical
Commonest cancer of the lung
Bronchiogenic carcinoma
Which lung is most affected by Bronchiogenic carcinoma
Right lung
Commonest site of pulmonary tuberculosis on a lung
Apical regions of the lung
Most common site of lung abscess is _______ lobe
Right lower lobe
Bronchopulmonary segment most commonly involved in aspiration pneumonia is ______ segment of _____ lobe of ____ lung
Superior
Lower
Right
Inhaled particles mostly enter into _______ ——— bronchus
Right principal
