Arches Of The Foot Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

The foot plays a double role

Functions as a _______ for the body weight
Functions as a mobile _____ or _____ during ______ and _____

rigid support

springboard or lever

walking and running.

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IF THE FOOT POSSESSED A SINGLE BONES
•It (can or cannot?) adapt itself to ____ surfaces

If the feet were more rigid structures, each impact with the ground would generate _______ of short duration (shocks) that would be propagated through the skeletal system
BUT

IF THE FOOT IS FORMED OF
SMALL BONES & MANY JOINTS
•It (can or cannot?) adapt itself to _____ surfaces
•Long (extensors or flexors?) & (small or Large?) muscles of foot assist in propulsive action

Cannot

uneven

extremely large forces

Can

uneven

Flexors; small

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The foot

When acting as rigid support, ie, When one stands:

i. the arches (sink or float ?) somewhat under the _____,
ii. the individual bones ____ together,
iii. the ligaments linking them are at (minimum or maximum?)? tension and
iv. the foot becomes an (mobile or immobile?) ________

Sink; body’s weight

lock

Maximum

Immobile

Pedestal

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When acting as a lever, ie, When one walks:

i. the weight is released from the ____,
ii. Arches are (lock or unlock?) and
iii. become a (mobile or immobile?) lever system in the ______-like actions of locomotion.

Arches

Unlock

spring

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A segmented structure can hold up weight only if it is built in the form of _____
•Weight will be distributed on:
•1) the _____ (behind) &
•2) ____ of ______ bones (in front): pressure will be minimized on nerves & vessels in _____

arches

heel

heads of metatarsal

sole

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The bones of the foot
●the ____
●______
●______

tarsus

Metatarsus

phalanges

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The bones of the foot
●the tarsus, = ___
●Metatarsus =___, and
●phalanges = ____

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Tarsal bones are:

➢ ____
➢_____

➢____

➢_____

➢______

talus

calcaneus

cuboid

Navicular

three cuneiforms

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______ is the only tarsal bone that articulates with the leg bones

talus

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_______ is the largest and strongest bone of the foot

calcaneus

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________ is the most lateral tarsal bone in the distal row

cuboid

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_____ cuneiforms

List

three

medial, intermediate, lateral

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Navicular

(Rounded or flattened?)

___-shaped bone

located between the ____ posteriorly and the _______ anteriorly

Flattened

boat

talar head

three cuneiforms

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Types of Arches of the Foot

support weight of the body distributing:
____% to forefoot
____% to the heel

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Arches of the foot are Fully developed by age ___

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Types of Arches of the Foot

_____
______
_______

Medial longitudinal arch

Lateral longitudinal arch

Transverse arch

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MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH

is a (concave or Convex?) arch that is located along the (medial or lateral?) aspect of the foot
between the ____ of the ______ and the ________–
That is, it is formed by: _____, ____,_____, _____ &_________________ bones

Concave

Medial

head of the first metatarsal; calcaneal tuberosity

calcaneum; talus; navicular; three cuneiform

first three metatarsal

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Key stone of the MLA is ???

Talus

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Another main structure that makes up the MLA is the _____ fascia

plantar

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Longest arch of the foot is ???

MLA

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Most important arch of the foot is ???

MLA

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Which is higher

MLA or LLA

MLA

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the highest part of the medial longitudinal arch being the _________ and _____ joints.

talonavicular and naviculocuneiform

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MLA

Posterior Pillar: _____
Top: _____
Anterior pillar: ___,__,___
Functions: 1- Distribution of ____,
2- Protection of soft structures,
3-____ absorption.
4- _____ propulsion during walking or running

Calcaneus

Talus

Navicular, 3 cuniforms, med. 3 metatarsals.

body weight

Shock

Elastic

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TYPES OF MLA Based on the structure of the medial longitudinal arch, three types of the foot have been proposed: _________ or ______ foot, low arched or (pronated or supinated?) foot, or pes ____, and high arched or (pronated or supinated?) foot, or pes cavus

normally aligned or normal Pronated; planus Supinated; cavus

Normally aligned foot is defined as the foot in which the bisection of the (anterior or posterior?) surface of the ______ is (parallel or perpendicular?) to the ground and its _______ is within normal range.

Posterior calcaneus perpendicular arch height

Pronated foot is defined as the foot in which the calcaneus is ______ and its arch is _____ or ____

everted | low or absent.

The pronated foot, with a greater ground contact area, is (less or more?) flexible, leading to the load to be absorbed by the _________ structures of the foot.

More musculoskeletal

A (lower or higher?) plantar pressure on _____ has been observed for the people with pronated foot during walking

Higher midfoot

The supinated foot is more (rigid or flexible?) with (limited or abundant?) shock absorption ability, prone to (lower or higher?) stress underneath the ____ and more force passing to the ______

Rigid Limited Higher heel tibia

MLA and Bipedalism The development of the MLA had two major effects on the evolution of bipedal human gait: First, it provides the ______ enough mechanical advantage to ______ of the body during the ____ phase of gait Secondly, it provides the foot with the capacity to ____ some of the ___eased shock cause by _____

plantar flexors lift the weight stance absorb; incr upright striding

The movement of the MLA is complex and is explained in different ways, including using a term called the ‘ _______ mechanism’ – described as ____-flexion of the ______ joints which generates traction on the ____ fascia and causes the arch to elevate.

windlass Dorsi metatarsophalangeal plantar

During toe-off in the gait cycle, the toes are ___-flexed (actively or passively?) as the body passes over the foot and the ______ tightens and acts to (shorten or lengthen?) the distance between the _______ and the ______

dorsi Passively plantar fascia Shorten metatarsal head and the heel.

The design and movement of this MLA predicts (lower or higher?) strain energy storage and (more or less?) resultant injuries for ________ arched individuals, as compared to those with normally arched feet

Lower More both low- and high

LATERAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH: Formed by: _______,_____,_____,__ bones

calcaneum, cuboid , fourth & fifth metatarsal

Key stone of LLA is ???

Cuboid

The Lateral Longitudinal Arch Posterior Pillar: _______ Anterior pillar: _____,______ Functions: 1- Distribution of body weight, 2- Protection of soft structures, 3- Shock absorption. 4- Support the body weight during _________.

Calcaneus Cuboid, lateral 2 metatarsals. standing

Fundamental Longitudinal Arch While MLA & LLA represent the component antero-posterior arches of the foot, the fundamental longitudinal arch is involves both arches T/F

FLA consists of the _____,______,_____,_____ all the other bones of the foot may be removed without destroying this arch T/F

calcaneus, cuboid, third cuneiform, and third metatarsal T

TRANSVERSE /______ ARCH: It is formed by: _____ of _____ bones,____ & _______ bones

LATERAL bases metatarsal cuboid three cuneiform

Transverse arch Is a full arch

F It is only half an arch

Passive and Dynamic Factors Passive factors involved in forming and maintaining the arches of the foot include: The ____ of the united bones (both arches, but especially the ______ arch). ____ successive layers of fibrous tissue that _____ the ______ arch (superficial to deep): Plantar _____. ________ ligament. ____________ ligament. ___________ ligament.

shape transverse Four bowstring longitudinal aponeurosis; Long plantar Plantar calcaneocuboid; Plantar calcaneonavicular

Plantar calcaneocuboid (_______) ligament. Plantar calcaneonavicular (_____) ligament.

short plantar spring

Dynamic supports involved in maintaining the arches of the foot include (Active or passive?) (_____) bracing action of ____ muscles of foot (______ arch). Active & tonic contraction of muscles with long tendons extending into foot: _________ and _________ for the longitudinal arch. _________ and ___________ for the transverse arch

Active ; reflexive intrinsic; longitudinal Flexors hallucis and digitorum longus Fibularis longus and tibialis posterior

the ________ and _______ bear the greatest stress and are most important in maintaining the arches of the foot.

plantar ligaments and the plantar aponeurosis

FACTORS MAINTAINING ARCHES OF FOOT Shape of ____ Strength of ____ Tone of _____

bones ligaments muscles

MECHANISM OF ARCH SUPPORT SHAPE OF BONES Bones are ____-shaped with the thin edge lying (Superiorly or inferiorly?) This applies particularly to the _____

wedge Inferiorly keystone

the bone occupying the _____ of the arch “keystone”

center

Keystones ____ in MLA & _____ in LLA

talus cuboid

In the arches (Superior or inferior?) EDGES OF BONES ARE TIED TOGETHER

INFERIOR

INFERIOR EDGES OF BONES ARE TIED TOGETHER Medial longtitudinal arch: ______ ligament, _____ muscle Lateral longtitudinal arch: _____ and _______ ligaments Transverse arch:_______ ligaments, transverse head of ______, dorsal _____

plantar calcaneonavicular; tibialis posterior long & short plantar deep transverse adductor hallucis; interossei

TYING THE ENDS OF THE ARCH TOGETHER Medial longtitudinal arch: plantar ____, medial part of __________,_______,______,______ Lateral longtitudinal arch: plantar _______, lateral part of __________,_______,________ Transverse arch: _______

aponeurosis flexor digitorum longus & brevis flexor hallucis longus; flexor hallucis brevis abductor hallucis aponeurosis; flexor digitorum longus & brevis; flexor digiti minimi; abductor digiti minimi peroneus longus

SUSPENDING THE ARCH FROM ABOVE Medial longtitudinal arch: _____,_____, (medial or lateral?) ligament of ankle joint Lateral longtitudinal arch:_____,_____ Transverse arch:_________

tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior; medial peroneus longus, peroneus brevis peroneus longus

``` ANOMALIES Talipes equinovarus (aka congenital _____): ____ flexion, __duction of the foot. ``` Talipes calcaneovulgus: ___flexion, __version, and ____duction Talipes calcaneovarus: combination of _____ and _____ , marked by a ____flexed, __verted, and ___ducted foot.

Clubfoot; Plantar ad Dorsi; e; ab talipes calcaneus and talipes varus dorsi;in; ad

Sprain:____ of the ____ of the ankle leading to _______

Tear ligaments Severe dissabilities

Flat foot (pes ____): ______ of the calcaneus leading to __version of the plantar surface, ____ of the talus and navicular leading to (lengthening or shortening ?) of the medial longitudinal arch and __uction of the forefoot.

planus Rotation; evertion slipping down lengthening Abd

Pes planus Cause: Excess weight on the (medial or lateral?) side of the foot due to ________ of bones, _____ of ligaments, or _____ imbalance. Cause could also be ____

Medial malalignment relaxation muscular congenital

PES PLANUS A condition in which the ______ arch is (depressed or elevated ?) The forefoot is (inverted or everted?) The head of talus is forced (upward or downward?) & (medially or laterally?)

medial longitudinal depressed Everted Downward Medially

The causes of pes planus is only congenital T/F

F The causes are both congenital and acquired

Factors keeping the Transverse Arch: Bony Factor: ____ and ___ are _____- shaped. Ligaments: _________ ligament , _____ ligaments. (dorsal and planter) Muscles: - _______ and ____, - Transverse head of _______, - Slips of __________

Intermediate and lateral cuniforms wedge Deep transverse interosseous Peroneus longus & brevis adductor hallucis tibialis posterior

Factors keeping lateral Long. Arch: 1. Ligaments: plantar ______, ________ Ligaments ., _______ and _____ ligs. 2. Muscles: ____________. __________. ( Short or long?) muscles of the toe. 3. Bony factor: The shape and constitution of the bones keep the foot in the arching position

aponeurosis interosseous long & short plantar Peroneus longus & brevis Flexor digitorum longus Short; little toe

Factors keeping medial Longitudinal Arch: 1. Ligaments: ____ ligament, ____ ligament , plantar _____, ______ ligaments ., __________ ligs. 2. Muscles: _______, _______, ___________, __________, (short or long ?) muscles of the _____ 3. Bony factor: The shape and constitution of the bones keep the foot in the arching position.

Spring; deltoid aponeurosis interosseous long & short plantar Tibialis posterior , tibialis anterior flexor hallucis longus; flexor digitorum longus Short; big toe.