Lung disease Flashcards
What is tidal volume?
The volume of air in each breath
What is ventilation rate?
The number of breaths per minute
What is forced expiration volume (FEV1)?
The maximum volume of air that can be breathed out in one second
What is forced vital capacity(FVC)?
The maximum volume of air that it is possible to breathe forcefully out of the lungs after a really deep breath in
What causes tuberculosis?
Bacteria
What is formed when a person has TB?
Small, hard lumps which is bacteria with a wall built around it
What is reduced when someone has TB?
Tidal volume
What do tuberculosis patients have to do in order to ensure they take in enough oxygen?
Breathe faster
What are symptoms of tuberculosis?
Persistent cough Coughing up blood and mucus Chest pains Shortness of breath Fatigue
What is fibrosis?
The formation of scar tissue in the lungs
What can fibrosis be caused by?
infection
Exposure to substances such as asbestos
How is scar tissue different to normal tissue?
It is thicker and less elastic
What is the effect of having scar tissue?
The lungs are less able to expand and cant hold as much air as normal
Tidal volume is reduced
FVC is reduced
How does scar tissue affect the rate of diffusion?
Slower across a thicker scarred membrane
How does the ventilation rate of a fibrosis sufferer differ from a normal one?
It is faster as they need to get enough air to their lungs to oxygenate the blood
What are symptoms of fibrosis?
Shortness of breath A dry cough chest pain fatigue weakness
What is asthma?
A respiratory condition where the airways become inflamed and irritated
What is the usual cause of asthma?
An allergic reaction to pollen or dust
What happens during an asthma attack?
The smooth muscle lining of the bronchioles contracts and a large amount of mucus is produced, causing constriction of the airways, making it hard for the individual to breathe properly
What is reduced when an individual has asthma?
FEV 1
What are symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing
Tight chest
Shortness of breath
How can an asthma attack be relieved?
Drugs which cause the bronchiole muscles to relax and open up the airways
What is emphysema?
Lung disease caused by smoking or long term exposure to pollution
What happens in emphysema?
The foreign particles in smoke or air become trapped in the alveoli which causes inflammation, attracting phagocytes to the area
What do phagocytes produce in emphysema?
An enzyme which breaks down elastin
What does a loss of elastin in the alveoli mean?
The alveoli cat recoil to expel air as well
Leads to the destruction of the alveoli walls which reduces surface area, causing the rate of gaseous exchange to decrease
What are symptoms of emphysema?
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Increased ventilation rate
What are the effects of lung disease on gas exchange?
They reduce the rate of gas exchange in alveoli
Less oxygen is able to diffuse into the bloodstream
Body cells receive less oxygen and rate of aerobic respiration is reduced
Less energy is released and sufferers often feel tired and weak
What equation is used to calculate percentage change?
(Final value - original value) / original value
x100
