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Osteology > Lower Extremities > Flashcards

Lower Extremities Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in each lower limb?

A

30 in 4 different portions.

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2
Q

Why are the Knee joints closer to the midline of the body?

A

The Femur angles medially.

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3
Q

What is the “Angle of convergence”?

A

This is the Angle of the Femur’s Shaft.

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4
Q

Why is the Angle of convergence greater in females?

A

This is because females have wider Pelvis bones.

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5
Q

What does the Proximal end of the Femur consist of?

A

A rounded head that articulates with the Acetabulum to form the “Hip Joint”.

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6
Q

What is the Small Central Depression in the Head of the Femur?

A

Fovea Capitis:

The ligament of the head of the femur connects this to the Acetabulum.

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7
Q

What is the Small Central Depression in the Head of the Femur?

A

Fovea Capitis:

The ligament of the head of the femur connects this to the Acetabulum.

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8
Q

When people say they have a broken hip what is it that is usually broken?

A

When a break occurs in this area most of the time i tis the Neck of the Femur that has fractured.

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9
Q

Where is the Lesser Trochanter located?

A

It is medial and inferior to the greater trochanter and on the Posterior side of the Femur.
Inferior to the Neck of the Femur.

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10
Q

Where is the InterTrochanter line located?

A

Located between the Anterior surfaces of both the Greater and Lesser Trochanter.

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11
Q

What is the Gluteal tuberosity?

A

lateral to the Lesser trochanter and is a Tuberosity along the femur that bends into another vertical ridge called the Linea aspera.
They both act as attachment points for Thigh muscles.

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12
Q

What do the Medial and lateral Condyles of the Femur Articulate with?

A

They articulate with the Condyles of the Tibia and the posterior portions of the Patella.

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13
Q

What are Superior to the Condyles of the Femur?

A

This is the Medial and lateral Epicondyles that are attachment points for Ligaments of the Knee joint.

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14
Q

On the Posterior side of the knee between the Condyles is what space?

A

This is a space called the Intercondylar fossa.

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15
Q

Where is the Patella located?

A

In between the Condyles on the Anterior side of the Femur.

Held on the Patella Surface.

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16
Q

What is the site called that is the attachment point for the Adductor magnus?

A

Just superior to the Medial Epicondyle is the Adductor tubercle and this is the Site of attachment for the Adductor magnus muscle.

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17
Q

What are all the portions of the Patella/ Sesamoid bone?

A

The Broad Proximal base, the distal end called the Apex.

On the posterior surface contains a articular facet for both condyles of the femur.

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18
Q

What is the Patellofemoral joint and the Tibofemoral joint.

A

The Patellofemoral Joint is where the Patella articulates with the Femur.
The Tibialfemoral Joint is where the Tibia articulates with the Femur.
The Patellofemoral Joint is the Intermediate portion of the Tibialfemoral Joint.

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19
Q

What is Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome?

A

This is commonly known as runners knee:
It is when the Patella tracks laterally as well as superiorly and inferiorly in the process.

People notice pain after resting for a while after exorcise.

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20
Q

Where does the Patella ligament attach?

A

It inserts onto the Tibial Tuberosity from the Patella.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the Patella bone?

A

To increase the leverage of the Quad tendon, maintains the position of the tendon when the knee is flexed and protects the knee joint.

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22
Q

Where is the Lesser Trochanter located?

A

Located posterior and inferior to the Neck of the Femur.

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23
Q

What are the Components of the Proximal end of the Femur?

A

The Head, Fovea Capitis, Neck, Greater Trochanter, Intertrochanteric crest/Line, Lesser Trochanter.

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24
Q

What are the Components of the Distal end of the Femur?

A

Patella Surface, Lateral Epicondyle and Condyle, Medial Epicondyle and Condyle, Adductor tubercle.

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25
Q

How do the Tibia and Fibula Connect to each other?

A

They connect through Interosseous membrane and the Proximal and Distal Tibofibular joint.

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26
Q

What does the Proximal end of the Tibia Consist of?

A

Lateral and medial condyles, Intercondylar Eminence, Tibial Tuberosity.

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27
Q

What are the surface markings that create the Tibiofemoral joints?

A

Both lateral and medial condyles of the Distal Femur and the Proximal Tibia.

28
Q

Where does the Patella attach to the the Tibia?

A

The Anterior marking called the Tibial Tuberosity.

29
Q

What is the Crest marking in the Anterior part of the Tibial shaft?

A

This is known as the Anterior boarder.

30
Q

What is present on the Distal end of the Tibia?

A

The Fibular Notch of the Tibia, lateral malleolus.

31
Q

What Articulations form the Distal Tibiofibular Joint?

A

The Fibular Notch and the Distal end of the Fibula.

32
Q

What bone in the body is the most common for fractures including Open fractures?

A

The Tibia.

33
Q

What does the Fibula Do in the Leg?

A

The Fibula does not articulate with the Knee but is there to help stabilize the Ankle joint.

34
Q

What are the Joints between tarsal bones called?

A

They are known as Intertarsal joints.

35
Q

What bones at the distal end of the leg form the Talocrural (ankle) joint?

A

The Talus articulates with the Tibias Medial Malleolus and the Lateral Malleolus of the Fibula.

36
Q

What are the Proximal and Distal Articulations of the Tibia?

A

Proximal end there is articulations with the Fibula and Femur.
Distal end of the Tibia articulates with the Fibula and the Talas bone of the Ankle and has a Fibular Notch on the Lateral Side of the Bone to hold the Fibula in place.

37
Q

What are the Proximal and Distal Articulations of the Tibia?

A

Proximal end there is articulations with the Fibula and Femur.
Distal end of the Tibia articulates with the Fibula and the Talas bone of the Ankle.

38
Q

When the Tibias proximal end diverts into the lateral and medial condyles what do they form with the Femur?

A

They form the Lateral and medial Tibiofemoral joints.

39
Q

What does the Inferior surface of the Lateral condyles of the Tibia articulate with?

A

They articulate with the head of the Fibula.

40
Q

What is the Upward projection that separates the slightly concave condyles of the Tibia on the Proximal end?

A

This is the Intercondylar Eminence.

41
Q

What is the Sharp ridge of the Tibia that continuse after the Tibial Tuberosity?

A

This is the Anterior boarder or Crest of the Tibia.

Shin

42
Q

What is the Medial Surface on the Distal end of the Tibia?

A

This is the Medial Malleolus.

43
Q

What is the Purpose of the Medial Malleolus?

A

This structure Articulates with the Talus of the Ankle and forms the Prominence that can be felt on the Medial Surface of the Ankle.

44
Q

What is the Fibular Notch and where is it located on the leg?

A

This is a portion of the Tibia’s bone that holds the Fibula and forms the “Distal Tibofibular Joint”.

45
Q

Does the Fibula Articulate with the Femur?

A

No

46
Q

What does the Proximal end/Head of the Fibula Articulate with?

A

The Inferior portion of the Lateral condyle of the Tibia below the Knee joint to form the “Proximal Tibiofibular Joint”.

47
Q

What does the Distal end of the Fibula Consist of?

A

This end of the bone is more Arrowhead shaped and has a projection called the “Lateral Malleolus” that articulates with the Talus of the Ankle.
This forms the Prominence felt on the Lateral Surface of the Ankle.

48
Q

What is the Proximal end of the Foot called?

A

This is the tarsus and contains 7 Tarsal bones.

49
Q

What are the 7 Tarsal bones?

A

Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, 3rd Cuneiform, 2nd and 1st, and the Cuboid.

50
Q

What are the Joints between Tarsal bones called?

A

InterTarsal Joints.

51
Q

What is Bone Grafting?

A

Taking one part of bone along with its Periosteum and nutrient Artery to replace bone in another area of the body.
It is common to remove from the Fibula because walking and running can continue.

52
Q

When walking where does about half the weight of the body go?

A

The Talus transmits about half the bodyweight in the the Calcaneus and the remainder of the Weight is transmitted into the other tarsal bones.

53
Q

How many Metatarsals are in each foot and what does the bone consist of?

A

There is 5 in each foot numbered from 1-5 from medial to lateral.
The bone consist of a Proximal Base an Intermediate shaft and a Distal Head.

54
Q

What is the Difference between Metatarsals and Metatarsus?

A

The Intermediate region of the foot between the Phalanges and the Tarsus is called the Metatarsus.

The bones in the intermediate region are called Metatarsal.

55
Q

Where do the Metatarsals Articulate?

A

They articulate Proximally with the 1st-3rd Cuneiform Tarsal bones to form the tarsometatarsal joints.

56
Q

How do Fractures of the Metatarsals Occurs the most?

A

They happen the most when a heavy object is dropped or something rolls over the foot.
If you’re on the tip of your toes and you slip the full bodyweight is on your Metatarsals cussing one or more of them to fracture.

57
Q

What do the Metatarsals Articulate with Distally?

A

They articulate with the Phalanges to form the “Metatarsophalangeal joints”.

58
Q

What does the Great/ Big toe consist of?

A

It consist of 2 large, heavy phalanges called Proximal and Distal Phalanges.
The other toes all have a Proximal, intermediate and Distal Phalange.

59
Q

What is the Name for the Joints between the Phalanges of the feet and hands?

A

Interphalangeal joints.

60
Q

What are the two types of arches in the foot?

A

Longitudinal and Transvers arches.

61
Q

What is the Transverse arch formed by?

A

Found between the medial and lateral aspects of the foot formed by the Navicular, three cuneiforms and the base of the five metatarsals.

62
Q

What is flatfoot and Clawfoot?

A

These are Deformities of the Arches of the foot.

63
Q

what is the cause for Flatfoot?

A

Weekend ligaments and muscles in the foot and can be caused by excessive weight, poor posture or genetics.

64
Q

What do the Arches of the foot provide?

A

They give leverage when walking and help distribute the weight evenly.

65
Q

What do the Arches of the foot provide?

A

They give leverage when walking and help distribute the weight evenly.

Osteology (27 decks)

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