General review for final Exam Flashcards
What are all of the cells that make up the skeletal tissue?
Osteoblast, Osteoclast, Osteocytes, Osteoprogenitor cells.
What are of the portions of a bone for example a long bone?
Diaphysis, Metaphysis, Distal and Proximal Epiphysis, Epiphyseal plate.
Articular cartilage, Periosteum, Medullary Cavity.
What happens to the bone when the vitamins and minerals that get deposited into it harden?
Calcification
What happens to the bone when the vitamins and minerals that get deposited into it harden?
Calcification.
What do Osteoclast do in the bone tissue?
They perform bone resorption.
What do the Osteocytes do in the bone tissue?
They help maintain bone homeostasis by exchanging with the blood.
What is spongy bone tissue also referred to as?
Cancellous bone tissue.
What are all the blood vessels in the bone?
Epiphyseal Artery/vein, Metaphyseal A/V, periosteal A/V, Nutrient Foreman/ Nutrient A,V.
What are the 2 types of bone formation?
Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondreal Ossification.
What are the 2 types of bone growth?
Appositional growth and Interstitial growth.
What are the steps the bone intramembranous Ossification?
Development of the Ossification centre - Calcification - Formation of Trabeculae - Development of the Periosteum.
What are the steps to Endochondreal Ossification?
Development of the Cartilage model - Growth of the Cartilage model - Development of the Primary ossification centre - Development of the medullary cavities - Development of the secondary ossification centre - Formation of the Articular cartilage and the Epiphyseal plate.
What are the Steps to growth in length
(Interstitial growth) ?
Zone of resting cartilage
Zone of Proliferating cartilage
Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage
Zone of Calcified Cartilage
What are the steps to growth in thickness (Appositional Growth) ?
1: Ridges in the Periosteum create grooves for periosteal blood vesicles.
2: Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an edosteum lined tunnel.
3: Osteoblast in the endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward the centre of the tunnel forming. a new Osteon.
4: Bone grows outwards as the Osteoblast in the periosteum build new circumferential lamellae to start the process over again.
What are all the types of bone fractures?
Stress fracture, Open, Comminuted, Greenstick, Impacted, Pott, Colles.
What is the differnce between Rickets and Osteomalacia?
Osteomalacia is an inadequate amount of bone calcification caused mostly by vitamin D deficiency.
Rickets is when calcification fails at the growth plate in children and the bone becomes softer. this can cause deformed bone shapes.
How many bones are there in the Axial Skeleton?
80
How many bones are in the Appendicular skeleton?
126
What are all the types of bones?
Long, Flat, Short, Irregular, Sesamoid.
How do Sesamoid bones form?
They form in joints.
How many bones are in the Skull/Face?
22, fourteen facial bones and 8 cranial bones.
What are all the Cranial bones?
Occipital, partial, temporal, frontal, Sphenoid and Ethmoid.
What are the important surface markings of the Sphenoid bone?
Sella Turcica: Tuberculum Sellae, Hypophyseal Fossa, Dorsum Sellea.
The Greater and lesser wings, Pterygoid processes, Optic Foreman.
What are the important surface markings of the Sphenoid bone?
Sella Turcica: Tuberculum Sellae, Hypophyseal Fossa, Dorsum Sellea.
The Greater and lesser wings, Pterygoid processes, Optic Foreman.
What are the Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column?
The Cervical and Lumbar curves are Convex and the Thoracic and Sacral Curves are Concave.
What are the 4 slight bends in the Vertebral Column?
These are called the Normal curves.
Why does the Vertebral Column have curves?
This is to help increase its strength, Help maintain balance in the Upright position and protect the vertebra from fracture by absorbing shock.
How many vertebra are in each portion of the Spinal Column?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 Fused Sacral and a Coccyx with 4.
What are the names for the Curves of the Spine?
The Thoracic and Sacral curves are called primary curves and the Lumbar and Cervical are called Secondary.
What are the portions of the Intervertebral Disc?
The Pulpy inner portion called the Nucleus pulpous, and the Annulus Fibrosus.
What comes first in the Vertebral column: The Axis or the Atlas?
The Atlas is C1.
What is the Strongest type of Vertebra?
The Lumbar because they have the Largest Vertebral body.
Where on the vertebra do the Ribs articulate?
On the Facets and the superior Demi-facets.
What is the Thoracic Cage created from?
Sternum, Ribs and their costal Cartilage and the bodies of the Thoracic vertebrae.
About how long is the Sternum?
15 cm.
What is the portion of the Scapula found in between the Superior Angle and the Coracoid process?
Moving laterally from the Superior angle is the Superior border and then into the Scapular Notch.
