General review for final Exam

Question 1

What are all of the cells that make up the skeletal tissue?

Answer 1

Osteoblast, Osteoclast, Osteocytes, Osteoprogenitor cells.

Question 2

What are of the portions of a bone for example a long bone?

Answer 2

Diaphysis, Metaphysis, Distal and Proximal Epiphysis, Epiphyseal plate.
Articular cartilage, Periosteum, Medullary Cavity.

Question 3

What happens to the bone when the vitamins and minerals that get deposited into it harden?

Answer 3

Calcification

Question 4

What happens to the bone when the vitamins and minerals that get deposited into it harden?

Answer 4

Calcification.

Question 5

What do Osteoclast do in the bone tissue?

Answer 5

They perform bone resorption.

Question 6

What do the Osteocytes do in the bone tissue?

Answer 6

They help maintain bone homeostasis by exchanging with the blood.

Question 7

What is spongy bone tissue also referred to as?

Answer 7

Cancellous bone tissue.

Question 8

What are all the blood vessels in the bone?

Answer 8

Epiphyseal Artery/vein, Metaphyseal A/V, periosteal A/V, Nutrient Foreman/ Nutrient A,V.

Question 9

What are the 2 types of bone formation?

Answer 9

Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondreal Ossification.

Question 10

What are the 2 types of bone growth?

Answer 10

Appositional growth and Interstitial growth.

Question 11

What are the steps the bone intramembranous Ossification?

Answer 11

Development of the Ossification centre - Calcification - Formation of Trabeculae - Development of the Periosteum.

Question 12

What are the steps to Endochondreal Ossification?

Answer 12

Development of the Cartilage model - Growth of the Cartilage model - Development of the Primary ossification centre - Development of the medullary cavities - Development of the secondary ossification centre - Formation of the Articular cartilage and the Epiphyseal plate.

Question 13

What are the Steps to growth in length

(Interstitial growth) ?

Answer 13

Zone of resting cartilage
Zone of Proliferating cartilage
Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage
Zone of Calcified Cartilage

Question 14

What are the steps to growth in thickness (Appositional Growth) ?

Answer 14

1: Ridges in the Periosteum create grooves for periosteal blood vesicles.
2: Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an edosteum lined tunnel.
3: Osteoblast in the endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward the centre of the tunnel forming. a new Osteon.
4: Bone grows outwards as the Osteoblast in the periosteum build new circumferential lamellae to start the process over again.

Question 15

What are all the types of bone fractures?

Answer 15

Stress fracture, Open, Comminuted, Greenstick, Impacted, Pott, Colles.

Question 16

What is the differnce between Rickets and Osteomalacia?

Answer 16

Osteomalacia is an inadequate amount of bone calcification caused mostly by vitamin D deficiency.

Rickets is when calcification fails at the growth plate in children and the bone becomes softer. this can cause deformed bone shapes.

Question 17

How many bones are there in the Axial Skeleton?

Answer 17

80

Question 18

How many bones are in the Appendicular skeleton?

Answer 18

126

Question 19

What are all the types of bones?

Answer 19

Long, Flat, Short, Irregular, Sesamoid.

Question 20

How do Sesamoid bones form?

Answer 20

They form in joints.

Question 21

How many bones are in the Skull/Face?

Answer 21

22, fourteen facial bones and 8 cranial bones.

Question 22

What are all the Cranial bones?

Answer 22

Occipital, partial, temporal, frontal, Sphenoid and Ethmoid.

Question 23

What are the important surface markings of the Sphenoid bone?

Answer 23

Sella Turcica: Tuberculum Sellae, Hypophyseal Fossa, Dorsum Sellea.

The Greater and lesser wings, Pterygoid processes, Optic Foreman.

Question 24

What are the important surface markings of the Sphenoid bone?

Answer 24

Sella Turcica: Tuberculum Sellae, Hypophyseal Fossa, Dorsum Sellea.

The Greater and lesser wings, Pterygoid processes, Optic Foreman.

Question 25

What are the Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column?

Answer 25

The Cervical and Lumbar curves are Convex and the Thoracic and Sacral Curves are Concave.

Question 26

What are the 4 slight bends in the Vertebral Column?

Answer 26

These are called the Normal curves.

Question 27

Why does the Vertebral Column have curves?

Answer 27

This is to help increase its strength, Help maintain balance in the Upright position and protect the vertebra from fracture by absorbing shock.

Question 28

How many vertebra are in each portion of the Spinal Column?

Answer 28

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 Fused Sacral and a Coccyx with 4.

Question 29

What are the names for the Curves of the Spine?

Answer 29

The Thoracic and Sacral curves are called primary curves and the Lumbar and Cervical are called Secondary.

Question 30

What are the portions of the Intervertebral Disc?

Answer 30

The Pulpy inner portion called the Nucleus pulpous, and the Annulus Fibrosus.

Question 31

What comes first in the Vertebral column: The Axis or the Atlas?

Answer 31

The Atlas is C1.

Question 32

What is the Strongest type of Vertebra?

Answer 32

The Lumbar because they have the Largest Vertebral body.

Question 33

Where on the vertebra do the Ribs articulate?

Answer 33

On the Facets and the superior Demi-facets.

Question 34

What is the Thoracic Cage created from?

Answer 34

Sternum, Ribs and their costal Cartilage and the bodies of the Thoracic vertebrae.

Question 35

About how long is the Sternum?

Answer 35

15 cm.

Question 36

What is the portion of the Scapula found in between the Superior Angle and the Coracoid process?

Answer 36

Moving laterally from the Superior angle is the Superior border and then into the Scapular Notch.