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Hemic-Lymphatic and Clin Path > Leukocytes > Flashcards

Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

what are leukocytes?

A

nucleated blood cells whose primary role is in the defense of the body from disease/pathogens

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2
Q

what are the general categories of leukocytes?

A

granulocytes
mononuclear cells

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3
Q

mature granulocytes typically have a ___________________ nucleus

A

“segmented”

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4
Q

what is the “Barr body”?

A

small nuclear projection in some female animals neutrophils
inactivated X chromosome

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5
Q

what types of granules do neutrophils have?

A

primary granules: lysosomes
secondary/specific granules

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6
Q

what do birds and reptiles have with neutrophils?

A

orange-red staining granules
called heterophils

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7
Q

what are the most numerous circulating leukocytes in most species?

A

neutrophils

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8
Q

what are the first cells to respond in acute inflammation?

A

neutrophils

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9
Q

what are the steps to neutrophils extravasating to reach sites of inflammation?

A

adhere to vessel wall: adhesion molecules
emigration through vessel wall
chemotaxis to site of inflammation
phagocytosis of bacteria and/or degranulation

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10
Q

who is adhesion protein deficiencies described in?

A

holstein cattle
irish setters

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11
Q

what growth factors stimulate production of neutrophils?

A

colony-stimulating factors
interleukins

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12
Q

what contains the proliferative pool and the maturation/storage pool of neutrophils?

A

bone marrow

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13
Q

the proliferative pool of neutrophils is composed of cells ________________________

A

still capable of dividing

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14
Q

what can neutrophils in blood be divided into?

A

circulating and marginal pools

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15
Q

what does a left shift neutrophil abnormality refer to?

A

increased number of immature neutrophils (bands and earlier)

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16
Q

what does the presence of immature neutrophils in the blood suggest?

A

bone marrow storage pool is depleted

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17
Q

what is a significant left shift in a dog or cat?

A

> 1,000 bands/microliter or more than 10% of neutrophil count

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18
Q

what is a degenerative left shift?

A

immature cells outnumber mature neutrophils

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19
Q

toxic neutrophils have _______________________ abnormalities resulting from abnormal maturation in the bone marrow

A

cytoplasmic (and rarely nuclear)

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20
Q

what are Dohle bodies?

A

irregularly-shaped, bluish cytoplasmic inclusions resulting from aggregation of rough endoplasmic reticulum
toxic change in neutrophils

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21
Q

what is toxic granulation?

A

persistent staining of primary granules

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22
Q

when does hypogranulation occur in heterophils?

A

toxic heterophils

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23
Q

are dohle bodies observed in toxic heterophils?

A

no

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24
Q

when are degenerate or karyolytic neutrophils typically observed?

A

inflammatory lesions in tissues or body cavities, not in blood

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25
what is the presence of degenerate neutrophils in a lesion suggestive of?
bacterial infection in that lesion
26
what can cause degenerate changes in blood leukocytes?
artifactual: delayed processing or exposure to heat marked pyrexia or heat stroke can be indistinguishable from very severe toxic change
27
what do hypersegmented neutrophils have?
increased number of lobes and/or more pronounced nuclear lobulation
28
when might hypersegmented neutrophils be seen in blood?
increased neutrophil blood transit time accelerated cell aging delayed sample processing idiopathic myelodysplastic syndrome hereditary macrocytosis in poodles
29
what do karyorrhectic cells contain?
multiple small fragments of condensed chromatin
30
what do pyknotic cells contain?
chromatin condenssed into a single, dense ball
31
what might senescent neutrophils undergoing apoptosis appear morphologically as?
pyknotic or karyorrhectic cells
32
what are siderotic inclusions?
aggregates of hemosiderin within neutrophils or monocytes
33
what is hemosiderin?
aggregates of protein and iron resulting from hemoglobin degradation
34
in what cells can viral inclusions from canine distemper be seen?
red blood cells any white blood cells
35
in what cells may ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis be found?
neutrophils and eosinophils or monocytes depends on organism
36
what are the clinical signs of Anaplasma phagocytophilum?
general: fever, lethargy, anorexia cytopenias polyarthritis, colic, ocular disease, meningitis
37
how can Anaplasma phagocytophilum be diagnosed?
direct microscopic visualization of morulae in white blood cells serology: IDEXX 4DX in dogs PCR analysis of blood
38
what is hepatozoonosis?
arthropod-borne protozoal infection
39
what are the typical clinical findings/signs of Hepatozoon americanum?
fever lethargy muscle pain hyperesthesia ocular discharge anemia marked neutrophilia
40
how can Hepatozoon americanum be diagnosed?
large protozoa may be seen on blood films, usually need buffy coat PCR testing
41
how often is bacteremia found?
rarely
42
what is bacteremia?
circulating bacteria, sometimes called septicemia
43
______________ may have larger numbers of circulating bacteria without showing severe clinical signs
reptiles
44
who does pelger-huet anomaly occur in?
dogs cats rabbits horses humans
45
what is pelger-huet anomaly?
hereditary neutrophil abnormality autosomal dominant disease
46
in whom is pelger-huet anomaly fairly common in?
australian shepherds
47
how do heterozygous animals with pelger-huet anomaly present?
normal, except for presence of large numbers of hyposegmented granulocytes
48
is there immunosuppression with pelger-huet anomaly?
no neutrophils functionally normal
49
in whom is cyclic hematopoiesis most commonly seen?
grey collie dogs
50
what does cyclic hematopoiesis cause?
cyclic/recurrent arrest in hematopoiesis recurrent, opportunistic infections may occur
51
eosinophils play a key role in mediating ____________________ and in defense against ____________________
hypersensitivity parasites
52
how do eosinophils generally act?
releasing their granule contents extracellularly directly onto target
53
what characterizes eosinophil morphology?
segmented nucleus presence red-orange staining cytoplasmic granules
54
where are most eosinophils?
in tissues primarily loose connective tissue of skin, GI tract, respiratory tract low numbers in blood
55
what characterizes basophils morphologically?
segmented cells round, purple-staining cytoplasmic (secondary) granules
56
what do basophil and mast cell granules contain?
vasoactive mediators such as histamine
57
what is release of granule contents from basophils and mast cells stimulated by?
binding to IgE-antigen complexes or directly by some antigens
58
what is the major cytokine regulating basophil production?
IL-3 along with IL-5 and GM-CSF
59
can avian and reptile basophils be differentiated from mast cells visually?
no
60
what is it called when mast cells are found in blood smears?
mastocytemia
61
what is the presence of large numbers of mast cells in blood diagnostic for?
mast cell neoplasia
62
what may cause low numbers of mast cells in dogs?
inflammation severe regenerative anemia tissue necrosis mast cell neoplasia
63
what does the presence of even small numbers of mast cells in cat blood mean?
highly suggestive of mast cell neoplasia
64
what are azurophils?
granulated blood cells in many reptiles
65
what is the appearance of azurophils?
similar to monocytes variable numbers fine, magenta-staining granules
66
when are increased number of azurophils often observed?
inflammatory disease
67
monocytes are typically ______________ than neutrophils
larger
68
what is the nucleus of monocytes like?
varies in shape: may be round, oval, multilobular lighter staining that nucleus of neutrophil
69
once monocytes pass into tissues, they become activated and are then called ______________________
macrophages
70
what do macrophages play a key role in?
phagocytosis of both normal senescent cells and debris and infectious organisms and foreign material
71
when might multinucleated giant cell macrophages be produced?
response to large or persistent antigen: parasites, large fungi, foreign bodies
72
how may tissue macrophages be derived?
blood monocytes proliferation of macrophages in tissues
73
what are the functions of lymphocytes?
cellular and humoral immunity production of cytokines
74
are lymphocytes long-lived or short-lived?
long-lived
75
can lymphocytes leave and re-enter circulation?
yes
76
lymphocytes are typically characterized by a ________________ nucleus
round or indented
77
what do granular lymphocytes look like?
more cytoplasm a few magenta-staining granules
78
where are kurloff cells found?
blood, spleen, thymus guinea pigs and capybaras
79
what are reactive lymphocytes seen as a result of?
antigenic stimulation
80
what do reactive lymphocytes look like?
small to medium lymphocytes with small amounts of deep blue-staining cytoplasm and clumped chromatin
81
what is a lymphoblast?
large lymphocyte with pale-staining chromatin and nucleoli
82
what do significant numbers of lymphoblasts suggest?
lymphoid neoplasia
83
what is a plasma cell?
differentiated B lymphocyte that produces antibody
84
are plasma cells usually found in blood?
no rare ones may be present

Hemic-Lymphatic and Clin Path (33 decks)

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