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Hemic-Lymphatic and Clin Path > Leukocytes > Flashcards

Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

what are leukocytes?

A

nucleated blood cells whose primary role is in the defense of the body from disease/pathogens

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2
Q

what are the general categories of leukocytes?

A

granulocytes
mononuclear cells

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3
Q

mature granulocytes typically have a ___________________ nucleus

A

“segmented”

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4
Q

what is the “Barr body”?

A

small nuclear projection in some female animals neutrophils
inactivated X chromosome

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5
Q

what types of granules do neutrophils have?

A

primary granules: lysosomes
secondary/specific granules

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6
Q

what do birds and reptiles have with neutrophils?

A

orange-red staining granules
called heterophils

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7
Q

what are the most numerous circulating leukocytes in most species?

A

neutrophils

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8
Q

what are the first cells to respond in acute inflammation?

A

neutrophils

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9
Q

what are the steps to neutrophils extravasating to reach sites of inflammation?

A

adhere to vessel wall: adhesion molecules
emigration through vessel wall
chemotaxis to site of inflammation
phagocytosis of bacteria and/or degranulation

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10
Q

who is adhesion protein deficiencies described in?

A

holstein cattle
irish setters

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11
Q

what growth factors stimulate production of neutrophils?

A

colony-stimulating factors
interleukins

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12
Q

what contains the proliferative pool and the maturation/storage pool of neutrophils?

A

bone marrow

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13
Q

the proliferative pool of neutrophils is composed of cells ________________________

A

still capable of dividing

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14
Q

what can neutrophils in blood be divided into?

A

circulating and marginal pools

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15
Q

what does a left shift neutrophil abnormality refer to?

A

increased number of immature neutrophils (bands and earlier)

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16
Q

what does the presence of immature neutrophils in the blood suggest?

A

bone marrow storage pool is depleted

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17
Q

what is a significant left shift in a dog or cat?

A

> 1,000 bands/microliter or more than 10% of neutrophil count

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18
Q

what is a degenerative left shift?

A

immature cells outnumber mature neutrophils

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19
Q

toxic neutrophils have _______________________ abnormalities resulting from abnormal maturation in the bone marrow

A

cytoplasmic (and rarely nuclear)

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20
Q

what are Dohle bodies?

A

irregularly-shaped, bluish cytoplasmic inclusions resulting from aggregation of rough endoplasmic reticulum
toxic change in neutrophils

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21
Q

what is toxic granulation?

A

persistent staining of primary granules

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22
Q

when does hypogranulation occur in heterophils?

A

toxic heterophils

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23
Q

are dohle bodies observed in toxic heterophils?

A

no

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24
Q

when are degenerate or karyolytic neutrophils typically observed?

A

inflammatory lesions in tissues or body cavities, not in blood

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25
Q

what is the presence of degenerate neutrophils in a lesion suggestive of?

A

bacterial infection in that lesion

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26
Q

what can cause degenerate changes in blood leukocytes?

A

artifactual: delayed processing or exposure to heat
marked pyrexia or heat stroke
can be indistinguishable from very severe toxic change

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27
Q

what do hypersegmented neutrophils have?

A

increased number of lobes and/or more pronounced nuclear lobulation

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28
Q

when might hypersegmented neutrophils be seen in blood?

A

increased neutrophil blood transit time
accelerated cell aging
delayed sample processing
idiopathic
myelodysplastic syndrome
hereditary macrocytosis in poodles

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29
Q

what do karyorrhectic cells contain?

A

multiple small fragments of condensed chromatin

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30
Q

what do pyknotic cells contain?

A

chromatin condenssed into a single, dense ball

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31
Q

what might senescent neutrophils undergoing apoptosis appear morphologically as?

A

pyknotic or karyorrhectic cells

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32
Q

what are siderotic inclusions?

A

aggregates of hemosiderin within neutrophils or monocytes

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33
Q

what is hemosiderin?

A

aggregates of protein and iron resulting from hemoglobin degradation

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34
Q

in what cells can viral inclusions from canine distemper be seen?

A

red blood cells
any white blood cells

35
Q

in what cells may ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis be found?

A

neutrophils and eosinophils or monocytes
depends on organism

36
Q

what are the clinical signs of Anaplasma phagocytophilum?

A

general: fever, lethargy, anorexia
cytopenias
polyarthritis, colic, ocular disease, meningitis

37
Q

how can Anaplasma phagocytophilum be diagnosed?

A

direct microscopic visualization of morulae in white blood cells
serology: IDEXX 4DX in dogs
PCR analysis of blood

38
Q

what is hepatozoonosis?

A

arthropod-borne protozoal infection

39
Q

what are the typical clinical findings/signs of Hepatozoon americanum?

A

fever
lethargy
muscle pain
hyperesthesia
ocular discharge
anemia
marked neutrophilia

40
Q

how can Hepatozoon americanum be diagnosed?

A

large protozoa may be seen on blood films, usually need buffy coat
PCR testing

41
Q

how often is bacteremia found?

A

rarely

42
Q

what is bacteremia?

A

circulating bacteria, sometimes called septicemia

43
Q

______________ may have larger numbers of circulating bacteria without showing severe clinical signs

A

reptiles

44
Q

who does pelger-huet anomaly occur in?

A

dogs
cats
rabbits
horses
humans

45
Q

what is pelger-huet anomaly?

A

hereditary neutrophil abnormality
autosomal dominant disease

46
Q

in whom is pelger-huet anomaly fairly common in?

A

australian shepherds

47
Q

how do heterozygous animals with pelger-huet anomaly present?

A

normal, except for presence of large numbers of hyposegmented granulocytes

48
Q

is there immunosuppression with pelger-huet anomaly?

A

no
neutrophils functionally normal

49
Q

in whom is cyclic hematopoiesis most commonly seen?

A

grey collie dogs

50
Q

what does cyclic hematopoiesis cause?

A

cyclic/recurrent arrest in hematopoiesis
recurrent, opportunistic infections may occur

51
Q

eosinophils play a key role in mediating ____________________ and in defense against ____________________

A

hypersensitivity
parasites

52
Q

how do eosinophils generally act?

A

releasing their granule contents extracellularly directly onto target

53
Q

what characterizes eosinophil morphology?

A

segmented nucleus
presence red-orange staining cytoplasmic granules

54
Q

where are most eosinophils?

A

in tissues
primarily loose connective tissue of skin, GI tract, respiratory tract
low numbers in blood

55
Q

what characterizes basophils morphologically?

A

segmented cells
round, purple-staining cytoplasmic (secondary) granules

56
Q

what do basophil and mast cell granules contain?

A

vasoactive mediators such as histamine

57
Q

what is release of granule contents from basophils and mast cells stimulated by?

A

binding to IgE-antigen complexes or directly by some antigens

58
Q

what is the major cytokine regulating basophil production?

A

IL-3
along with IL-5 and GM-CSF

59
Q

can avian and reptile basophils be differentiated from mast cells visually?

A

no

60
Q

what is it called when mast cells are found in blood smears?

A

mastocytemia

61
Q

what is the presence of large numbers of mast cells in blood diagnostic for?

A

mast cell neoplasia

62
Q

what may cause low numbers of mast cells in dogs?

A

inflammation
severe regenerative anemia
tissue necrosis
mast cell neoplasia

63
Q

what does the presence of even small numbers of mast cells in cat blood mean?

A

highly suggestive of mast cell neoplasia

64
Q

what are azurophils?

A

granulated blood cells in many reptiles

65
Q

what is the appearance of azurophils?

A

similar to monocytes
variable numbers fine, magenta-staining granules

66
Q

when are increased number of azurophils often observed?

A

inflammatory disease

67
Q

monocytes are typically ______________ than neutrophils

A

larger

68
Q

what is the nucleus of monocytes like?

A

varies in shape: may be round, oval, multilobular
lighter staining that nucleus of neutrophil

69
Q

once monocytes pass into tissues, they become activated and are then called ______________________

A

macrophages

70
Q

what do macrophages play a key role in?

A

phagocytosis of both normal senescent cells and debris and infectious organisms and foreign material

71
Q

when might multinucleated giant cell macrophages be produced?

A

response to large or persistent antigen: parasites, large fungi, foreign bodies

72
Q

how may tissue macrophages be derived?

A

blood monocytes
proliferation of macrophages in tissues

73
Q

what are the functions of lymphocytes?

A

cellular and humoral immunity
production of cytokines

74
Q

are lymphocytes long-lived or short-lived?

A

long-lived

75
Q

can lymphocytes leave and re-enter circulation?

A

yes

76
Q

lymphocytes are typically characterized by a ________________ nucleus

A

round or indented

77
Q

what do granular lymphocytes look like?

A

more cytoplasm
a few magenta-staining granules

78
Q

where are kurloff cells found?

A

blood, spleen, thymus
guinea pigs and capybaras

79
Q

what are reactive lymphocytes seen as a result of?

A

antigenic stimulation

80
Q

what do reactive lymphocytes look like?

A

small to medium lymphocytes with small amounts of deep blue-staining cytoplasm and clumped chromatin

81
Q

what is a lymphoblast?

A

large lymphocyte with pale-staining chromatin and nucleoli

82
Q

what do significant numbers of lymphoblasts suggest?

A

lymphoid neoplasia

83
Q

what is a plasma cell?

A

differentiated B lymphocyte that produces antibody

84
Q

are plasma cells usually found in blood?

A

no
rare ones may be present

Hemic-Lymphatic and Clin Path (33 decks)

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