Erythrocytes Part 3

Question 1

what are the general causes of nonregenerative anemia?

Answer 1

decreased red blood cell production
insufficient time for regeneration to occur

Question 2

what are some causes of iron deficiency?

Answer 2

chronic blood loss
dietary deficiency

Question 3

what are some causes of chronic blood loss?

Answer 3

parasites
gastrointestinal hemorrhage
excessive blood donation

Question 4

what does iron deficiency anemia classically exhibit?

Answer 4

microcytic (low MCV), hypochromic (low MCHC) red blood cells

Question 5

why does microcytosis occur in iron deficiency?

Answer 5

extra red blood cell divisions occur because of low hemoglobin concentration

Question 6

what are the functional iron pools in the body?

Answer 6

hemoglobin: 2/3 of body iron
myoglobin
cytochromes

Question 7

what are the storage iron stores in the body?

Answer 7

ferritin
hemosiderin

Question 8

when may serum iron go down?

Answer 8

iron deficiency
inflammation

Question 9

what is usually the best serum indicator of iron stores?

Answer 9

ferritin

Question 10

what is total iron binding capacity an indirect measurement of?

Answer 10

transferrin

Question 11

what is ferritin?

Answer 11

protein that acts as an intracellular store for iron

Question 12

what is hemosiderin?

Answer 12

large complex of protein and iron

Question 13

how does iron enter macrophages?

Answer 13

transferrin/transferrin receptor and from hemoglobin in phagocytized erythrocytes

Question 14

what might you see on an iron panel with iron deficiency?

Answer 14

serum iron may be decreased or normal
transferrin/TIBC may be increased
ferritin is decreased

Question 15

where do large amounts of hemosiderin accumulate?

Answer 15

tissues: spleen, liver, lymph nodes

Question 16

what can cause anemia of inflammatory disease?

Answer 16

almost any type of inflammation

Question 17

what type of anemia does anemia of inflammatory disease cause?

Answer 17

mild to moderate nonregenerative anemia
normocytic and normochromic

Question 18

what are the mechanisms of anemia of inflammatory disease?

Answer 18

decreased iron availability inhibits erythropoiesis
production of anti-erythropoietic inflammatory mediators
reduced red blood cell lifespan

Question 19

what is diagnosis of anemia of inflammatory disease based on?

Answer 19

diagnosis of underlying inflammatory disease
typical CBC findings
lack of evidence of other causes of anemia

Question 20

why are patients with chronic renal disease often anemic?

Answer 20

decreased erythropoietin production

Question 21

what is anemia with renal disease like?

Answer 21

mild to severe nonregenerative
normocytic, normochromic

Question 22

what is myelophthisis?

Answer 22

active replacement of normal hematopoietic tissue with abnormal tissue

Question 23

how can you diagnose myelophthisis disease?

Answer 23

bone marrow aspirate/biopsy

Question 24

what type of anemia is usually seen with anemia of bone marrow disorders?

Answer 24

nonregenerative anemia

Question 25

what is neoplastic myelophthisis usually due to?

Answer 25

round cell neoplasms

Question 26

what is aplastic anemia?

Answer 26

aplasia of all three cell lines

Question 27

what is bone marrow like in aplastic anemia?

Answer 27

severely hypoplastic: adipose tissue rather than hematopoietic cells

Question 28

what are some causes of estrogen-induced marrow hypoplasia/aplasia?

Answer 28

estrogen administration estrogen-secreting tumors prolonged estrus in ferrets

Question 29

what is pure red cell aplasia?

Answer 29

aplasia of erythrocyte line only

Question 30

what are the clinical findings of nonregenerative IMA/PRCA/PIMA?

Answer 30

moderate to severe nonregenerative anemia coomb's test may be positive or negative spherocytes may or may not be present patients may also develop myelofibrosis in chronic cases

Question 31

what is the most common cause of nonregenerative anemia in cats?

Answer 31

feline leukemia virus infection

Question 32

what endocrine disorders can have mild anemia occur with them?

Answer 32

hypothyroidism hypoadrenocorticism hypopituitarism

Question 33

how can chronic lead poisoning cause anemia?

Answer 33

hemolysis suppression of heme synthesis

Question 34

what is polycythemia/erythrocytosis?

Answer 34

PCV/Hct above reference interval

Question 35

what are the two categories of polycythemia/erythrocytosis?

Answer 35

relative absolute

Question 36

which dog breeds have higher hematocrit reference intervals?

Answer 36

greyhound saluki afghan hound

Question 37

what is primary absolute erythrocytosis?

Answer 37

increased red blood cell production without appropriate stimulation

Question 38

what is secondary absolute erythrocytosis caused by?

Answer 38

increased erythropoietin level

Question 39

what is polycythemia vera/primary erythrocytosis?

Answer 39

rare, neoplastic-like proliferation of red blood cells

Question 40

what are some causes of nonregenerative anemia?

Answer 40

iron deficiency/chronic hemorrhage anemia of inflammatory/chronic disease chronic renal disease chronic liver disease bone marrow diseases endocrine diseases

Question 41

what may evaluating hemoglobin in the reticulocyte population be more sensitive for?

Answer 41

evaluating iron deficiency

Question 42

how much of the body iron is in hemoglobin?

Answer 42

about 2/3

Question 43

when does total iron binding capacity tend to increase?

Answer 43

iron deficiency

Question 44

what does transferrin do in inflammation?

Answer 44

decreases

Question 45

what does ferritin do in inflammation?

Answer 45

increases

Question 46

patients with early iron deficiency may have ________________, but still regenerative

Answer 46

microcytic anemia

Question 47

what happens in hemosiderosis/hemochromatosis?

Answer 47

large amounts of hemosiderin accumulate in tissues

Question 48

what are the secondary causes of anemia of renal disease?

Answer 48

anemia of inflammation decreased red blood cell survival

Question 49

what is required for diagnosis of myelofibrosis?

Answer 49

bone marrow biopsy

Question 50

what are some causes of myelofibrosis?

Answer 50

chronic bone marrow inflammation chronic overstimulation of red blood cell production bone marrow necrosis neoplasia drug treatment idiopathic?

Question 51

what are some round cell neoplasms that can cause myelofibrosis?

Answer 51

acute leukemias lymphoma histiocytic sarcoma plasma cell myeloma

Question 52

what can cause aplastic anemia?

Answer 52

immune mediated drug/toxin induced estrogen Ehrlichia canis parvovirus FeLV radiation idiopathic

Question 53

what can cause pure red cell aplasia?

Answer 53

immune mediated response against red blood cell precursors FeLV subgroup C rhEPO treatment idiopathic

Question 54

what type of anemia do cats with FeLV-induced anemia have?

Answer 54

macrocytic nonregenerative MCV>60fl

Question 55

what type of anemia can be seen with liver disease?

Answer 55

microcytic nonregenerative

Question 56

what can cause splenic contraction?

Answer 56

sympathetic stimulation exercise

Question 57

what can cause increased erythropoietin levels and secondary absolute erythropoiesis?

Answer 57

adaptation to high altitude cardiac disease chronic restrictive airway disease or pleural effusions persistent methemoglobinemia EPO-secreting tumor

Question 58

what can increased blood viscosity cause?

Answer 58

hyperemic mucous membranes local tissue hypoxia engorged retinal vessels

Question 59

how can primary erythrocytosis be treated?

Answer 59

therapeutic phlebotomy +/- hydroxyurea