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Hemic-Lymphatic and Clin Path > Erythrocytes Part 3 > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the general causes of nonregenerative anemia?

A

decreased red blood cell production
insufficient time for regeneration to occur

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2
Q

what are some causes of iron deficiency?

A

chronic blood loss
dietary deficiency

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3
Q

what are some causes of chronic blood loss?

A

parasites
gastrointestinal hemorrhage
excessive blood donation

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4
Q

what does iron deficiency anemia classically exhibit?

A

microcytic (low MCV), hypochromic (low MCHC) red blood cells

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5
Q

why does microcytosis occur in iron deficiency?

A

extra red blood cell divisions occur because of low hemoglobin concentration

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6
Q

what are the functional iron pools in the body?

A

hemoglobin: 2/3 of body iron
myoglobin
cytochromes

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7
Q

what are the storage iron stores in the body?

A

ferritin
hemosiderin

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8
Q

when may serum iron go down?

A

iron deficiency
inflammation

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9
Q

what is usually the best serum indicator of iron stores?

A

ferritin

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10
Q

what is total iron binding capacity an indirect measurement of?

A

transferrin

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11
Q

what is ferritin?

A

protein that acts as an intracellular store for iron

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12
Q

what is hemosiderin?

A

large complex of protein and iron

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13
Q

how does iron enter macrophages?

A

transferrin/transferrin receptor and from hemoglobin in phagocytized erythrocytes

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14
Q

what might you see on an iron panel with iron deficiency?

A

serum iron may be decreased or normal
transferrin/TIBC may be increased
ferritin is decreased

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15
Q

where do large amounts of hemosiderin accumulate?

A

tissues: spleen, liver, lymph nodes

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16
Q

what can cause anemia of inflammatory disease?

A

almost any type of inflammation

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17
Q

what type of anemia does anemia of inflammatory disease cause?

A

mild to moderate nonregenerative anemia
normocytic and normochromic

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18
Q

what are the mechanisms of anemia of inflammatory disease?

A

decreased iron availability inhibits erythropoiesis
production of anti-erythropoietic inflammatory mediators
reduced red blood cell lifespan

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19
Q

what is diagnosis of anemia of inflammatory disease based on?

A

diagnosis of underlying inflammatory disease
typical CBC findings
lack of evidence of other causes of anemia

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20
Q

why are patients with chronic renal disease often anemic?

A

decreased erythropoietin production

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21
Q

what is anemia with renal disease like?

A

mild to severe nonregenerative
normocytic, normochromic

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22
Q

what is myelophthisis?

A

active replacement of normal hematopoietic tissue with abnormal tissue

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23
Q

how can you diagnose myelophthisis disease?

A

bone marrow aspirate/biopsy

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24
Q

what type of anemia is usually seen with anemia of bone marrow disorders?

A

nonregenerative anemia

25
Q

what is neoplastic myelophthisis usually due to?

A

round cell neoplasms

26
Q

what is aplastic anemia?

A

aplasia of all three cell lines

27
Q

what is bone marrow like in aplastic anemia?

A

severely hypoplastic: adipose tissue rather than hematopoietic cells

28
Q

what are some causes of estrogen-induced marrow hypoplasia/aplasia?

A

estrogen administration
estrogen-secreting tumors
prolonged estrus in ferrets

29
Q

what is pure red cell aplasia?

A

aplasia of erythrocyte line only

30
Q

what are the clinical findings of nonregenerative IMA/PRCA/PIMA?

A

moderate to severe nonregenerative anemia
coomb’s test may be positive or negative
spherocytes may or may not be present
patients may also develop myelofibrosis in chronic cases

31
Q

what is the most common cause of nonregenerative anemia in cats?

A

feline leukemia virus infection

32
Q

what endocrine disorders can have mild anemia occur with them?

A

hypothyroidism
hypoadrenocorticism
hypopituitarism

33
Q

how can chronic lead poisoning cause anemia?

A

hemolysis
suppression of heme synthesis

34
Q

what is polycythemia/erythrocytosis?

A

PCV/Hct above reference interval

35
Q

what are the two categories of polycythemia/erythrocytosis?

A

relative
absolute

36
Q

which dog breeds have higher hematocrit reference intervals?

A

greyhound
saluki
afghan hound

37
Q

what is primary absolute erythrocytosis?

A

increased red blood cell production without appropriate stimulation

38
Q

what is secondary absolute erythrocytosis caused by?

A

increased erythropoietin level

39
Q

what is polycythemia vera/primary erythrocytosis?

A

rare, neoplastic-like proliferation of red blood cells

40
Q

what are some causes of nonregenerative anemia?

A

iron deficiency/chronic hemorrhage
anemia of inflammatory/chronic disease
chronic renal disease
chronic liver disease
bone marrow diseases
endocrine diseases

41
Q

what may evaluating hemoglobin in the reticulocyte population be more sensitive for?

A

evaluating iron deficiency

42
Q

how much of the body iron is in hemoglobin?

A

about 2/3

43
Q

when does total iron binding capacity tend to increase?

A

iron deficiency

44
Q

what does transferrin do in inflammation?

A

decreases

45
Q

what does ferritin do in inflammation?

A

increases

46
Q

patients with early iron deficiency may have ________________, but still regenerative

A

microcytic anemia

47
Q

what happens in hemosiderosis/hemochromatosis?

A

large amounts of hemosiderin accumulate in tissues

48
Q

what are the secondary causes of anemia of renal disease?

A

anemia of inflammation
decreased red blood cell survival

49
Q

what is required for diagnosis of myelofibrosis?

A

bone marrow biopsy

50
Q

what are some causes of myelofibrosis?

A

chronic bone marrow inflammation
chronic overstimulation of red blood cell production
bone marrow necrosis
neoplasia
drug treatment
idiopathic?

51
Q

what are some round cell neoplasms that can cause myelofibrosis?

A

acute leukemias
lymphoma
histiocytic sarcoma
plasma cell myeloma

52
Q

what can cause aplastic anemia?

A

immune mediated
drug/toxin induced
estrogen
Ehrlichia canis
parvovirus
FeLV
radiation
idiopathic

53
Q

what can cause pure red cell aplasia?

A

immune mediated response against red blood cell precursors
FeLV subgroup C
rhEPO treatment
idiopathic

54
Q

what type of anemia do cats with FeLV-induced anemia have?

A

macrocytic
nonregenerative
MCV>60fl

55
Q

what type of anemia can be seen with liver disease?

A

microcytic
nonregenerative

56
Q

what can cause splenic contraction?

A

sympathetic stimulation
exercise

57
Q

what can cause increased erythropoietin levels and secondary absolute erythropoiesis?

A

adaptation to high altitude
cardiac disease
chronic restrictive airway disease or pleural effusions
persistent methemoglobinemia
EPO-secreting tumor

58
Q

what can increased blood viscosity cause?

A

hyperemic mucous membranes
local tissue hypoxia
engorged retinal vessels

59
Q

how can primary erythrocytosis be treated?

A

therapeutic phlebotomy +/- hydroxyurea

Hemic-Lymphatic and Clin Path (33 decks)

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