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Hemic-Lymphatic and Clin Path > Hematopoietic Neoplasia > Flashcards

Hematopoietic Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

which species is lymphoma common in?

A

all species

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2
Q

what percentage of canine tumors are lymphoma?

A

20%

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3
Q

what is the average age of canine lymphoma?

A

10 years
as young as 1-3 years

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4
Q

what percentage of feline tumors are lymphoma?

A

30%

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5
Q

how old are cats usually when they get lymphoma?

A

2-6 years

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6
Q

where might you find lymphoma?

A

anywhere

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7
Q

what is the definition of lymphoma/lymphosarcoma?

A

solid tissue tumor originating outside of the bone marrow

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8
Q

can lymphoma cause both discrete tissue masses and diffuse tissue infiltration?

A

yes

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9
Q

what does lymphoma look like on cytology?

A

homogenous population of (usually) medium to large lymphoid cells

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10
Q

what are the possible abnormalities with lymphoma on a CBC?

A

mild, nonregenerative anemia
lymphopenia
lymphocytosis

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11
Q

how can you distinguish between reactive lymphocytes and neoplastic lymphocytes?

A

history
lymph count
other findings

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12
Q

infiltration of liver or kidney by lymphoma can result in _________________________

A

failure of these organs

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13
Q

how can you classify lymphoma?

A

anatomic site
clinical stage
histology grade
immunophenotype

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14
Q

what is the most common classification of lymphoma based on location in dogs?

A

multicentric

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15
Q

what is the most common classification of lymphoma based on location in cats?

A

alimentary: older cats
mediastinal: less than 2 years old

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16
Q

_________________ seen in some cases of T cell lymphoma

A

hypercalcemia

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17
Q

what is the decreased renal response to ADH in lymphoma often due to?

A

PTH-rp secretion by T lymphocytes

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18
Q

what does PTH-rp secretion by T lymphocytes lead to?

A

increased serum calcium
normal to decreased serum phosphorous

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19
Q

what does “staging” of multicentric lymphoma describe?

A

neoplastic spread in dogs

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20
Q

what is stage I lymphoma?

A

one node only

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21
Q

what is stage II lymphoma?

A

regional nodes involved

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22
Q

what is stage III lymphoma?

A

generalized lymphadenopathy

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23
Q

what is histologic “grading” by pathologists for lymphoma based on?

A

arrangement of tumor
lymphocyte size
mitotic rate

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24
Q

what grade are most canine lymphomas?

A

high grade
diffuse neoplasms

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25
Q

what can immunophenotyping lymphoma provide?

A

information about prognosis

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26
Q

what is immunophenotyping in lymphoma based on?

A

immunohistochemistry: antibodies on cell membranes

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27
Q

what markers for immunophenotyping lymphoma are on B lymphocytes?

A

CD79a+
CD20+
PAX5+

28
Q

are B cell tumors or T cell tumors better for prognosis?

A

B cell tumors

29
Q

what grades of lymphoma have worse prognosis?

A

III/IV

30
Q

where are the predominant abnormalities in leukemias?

A

blood
bone marrow

31
Q

what is a marker of indolent lymphoma?

A

small CD5+ cells lacking panleukocyte marker (CD45-)

32
Q

what classifies acute leukemias?

A

rapid clinical course if untreated
predominance of undifferentiated (immature) cells
bimodal age distribution: older animals and young

33
Q

what classifies chronic leukemias?

A

slowly progressive with predominance of mature cells
must distinguish from reactive/hyperplastic processes
older patients

34
Q

what are the general principles of acute leukemia?

A

originates in bone marrow
CBC: WBC counts often very high
maybe tissue infiltration
classification as lymphoid or myeloid can be difficult

35
Q

what predominates in acute lymphoid leukemia?

A

medium to large lymphocytes

36
Q

what do you often need to diagnose acute myeloid leukemia?

A

immunophenotyping

37
Q

why might you want to distinguish between acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoid leukemia?

A

very bad prognosis for acute myeloid leukemia

38
Q

when might it not be possible to distinguish the tumor origin between lymphoma and acute leukemia?

A

late in course of disease: once in marrow, prognosis is bad

39
Q

what is leukemic?

A

neoplastic cells are in the bloodstream

40
Q

what is aleukemic leukemia?

A

leukemia in bone marrow, but not abnormal neoplastic cells in bloodstream

41
Q

if no masses are present, is leukemia or lymphoma more likely?

A

acute leukemia

42
Q

what is chronic leukemia usually a disease of?

A

geriatric patients

43
Q

what is the hallmark of chronic leukemia?

A

peripheral leukocytosis with increased normal looking differentiated cells

44
Q

what is the marrow usually like in chronic leukemia?

A

not overwhelmed: cytopenias uncommon
may have mildly increased lymphcytes

45
Q

what is the prognosis of chronic leukemia?

A

fair to good

46
Q

is a bone marrow exam usually helpful for chronic leukemia?

A

may not be helpful

47
Q

what might chronic leukemia terminate in?

A

blast crisis

48
Q

what is multiple myeloma?

A

malignant plasma cell tumor that arises in bone marrow

49
Q

what is the hallmark feature of multiple myeloma?

A

protein abnormalities

50
Q

how common are non-secretory myelomas?

A

rare

51
Q

what do you need at least three of to diagnose multiple myeloma?

A

monoclonal gammopathy
light chain proteins in urine
plasmacytosis in bone marrow or other sites
lytic bone lesions
hypercalcemia

52
Q

what do you need a negative test of to diagnose multiple myeloma?

A

Ehrlichia canis

53
Q

what is protein electrophoresis used for?

A

to fractionate proteins as they move through a gel

54
Q

what is protein migration in an electrical field based on?

A

size and charge

55
Q

what might plasma cells be like in marrow with multiple myeloma?

A

may be unevenly distributed
can look normal or abnormal
>10-20% plasma cells suggests, but also seen with chronic antigenic stimulation

56
Q

what can hyperviscosity in multiple myeloma cause?

A

organ failure

57
Q

what do histiocytic disorders arise from?

A

histiocytes: macrophages and dendritic cells

58
Q

what are the histiocytic disorders?

A

cutaneous histiocytosis
reactive histiocytosis
histiocytic sarcoma

59
Q

what can histiocytic sarcoma involve?

A

bone marrow

60
Q

what are the types of histiocytic sarcoma?

A

localized
disseminated

61
Q

what characterizes a large lymphocyte?

A

high N:C ratio
euchromatin +/- visible nuclei
basophilic cytoplasm

62
Q

what must you distinguish chronic leukemias from?

A

reactive/hyperplastic processes

63
Q

what does diagnosis of acute leukemia require?

A

> 20% blasts in marrow

64
Q

what do cats with acute lymphoid leukemia usually have?

A

FeLV

65
Q

what is a strong risk factor for acute myeloid leukemia with cats?

A

FeLV infection

66
Q

which breeds are predisposed to histiocytic sarcoma complex?

A

bernese mountain dogs
flat-coated, golden, labrador retrievers
rottweiler

Hemic-Lymphatic and Clin Path (33 decks)

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