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Hemic-Lymphatic and Clin Path > Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

formation and development of blood cells

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2
Q

what are the three components of hematopoiesis?

A

erythropoiesis
leukopoiesis
thrombopoiesis

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3
Q

how are cell numbers maintained?

A

interaction of hematopoietic organs and humoral regulatory molecules

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4
Q

what organs are involved in hematopoiesis?

A

bone marrow
thymus
lymph nodes
spleen
mononuclear phagocyte system
liver

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5
Q

where is most hematopoietic activity by birth?

A

bone marrow

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6
Q

in the embryo, where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

yolk sac

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7
Q

what functions does bone marrow serve?

A

major site hematopoiesis in adults
storage/reserve of mature cells
iron storage pool
lipid storage (inactive marrow)

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8
Q

where is active bone marrow retained in older animals?

A

epiphyses and in flat bones
sternum, pelvis, ribs, vertebrae

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9
Q

what cells is the thymus important for production of?

A

differentiation of T lymphocytes
production of lymphocytes and cytokines

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10
Q

what functions is the spleen important for?

A

proliferation lymphocytes
reservoir erythrocytes and platelets
removal/pitting red blood cells
extramedullary hematopoiesis

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11
Q

what is a common site of extramedullary hematopoiesis?

A

spleen
can occur elsewhere: lymph nodes, liver

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12
Q

what is extramedullary hematopoiesis?

A

hematopoietic activity in non-bone marrow tissues

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13
Q

what cells are central in the mononuclear phagocyte system?

A

tissue macrophages

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14
Q

why is the liver important?

A

vitamin storage
production of coagulation factors
production of erythropoietin precursor
can act as site of extramedullary hematopoiesis

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15
Q

what are the sites of hematopoiesis in fish and amphibians?

A

kidney
liver
spleen

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16
Q

can disruption of the microenvironment disrupt hematopoiesis, even if the hematopoietic cells themselves are normal?

A

yes

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17
Q

what cells control the release of blood cells from the marrow into the circulation?

A

endothelial cells lining the sinuses

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18
Q

what functions does the circulation serve for hematopoiesis?

A

nutrition
exit route for cells to enter bloodstream

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19
Q

what are some cytokines that control hematopoiesis?

A

colony-stimulating factors
interleukins
other factors

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20
Q

what does interleukin-1 stimulate?

A

myelopoiesis

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21
Q

is interleukin-1 pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory?

A

pro-inflammatory especially with TNF

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22
Q

what does interleukin-1 inhibit?

A

erythropoiesis: contributes to anemia of inflammation

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23
Q

where are stem cells primarily located?

A

in bone marrow

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24
Q

what are all blood cells derived from?

A

primitive mesenchymal cells known as pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

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25
Q

what is differentiation?

A

commitment of progenitor cells to a particular cell line or lines

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26
Q

what is maturation?

A

development of a differentiated cell into a functional blood cell

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27
Q

what does myeloid refer to?

A

may refer to granulocyte +/- monocyte cell lines or all non-lymphocytic hematopoietic cell lines

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28
Q

what is the majority of cells seen in bone marrow examination?

A

precursor cells

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29
Q

what are precursor cells subdivided into?

A

mitotic (proliferative)
post-mitotic (maturation and storage)

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30
Q

who has large amounts of active bone marrow?

A

young animals

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31
Q

can active bone marrow expand back into long bone shafts/extramedullary shafts with increased need for hematopoiesis?

A

yes

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32
Q

what is pitting and which organ does it?

A

removal of abnormal structures from red blood cells without cell destruction
spleen

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33
Q

what do nonhematopoietic cells provide?

A

structural support
nutrients
growth factors

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34
Q

what provides the scaffolding for hematopoietic cells?

A

reticular cells and trabeculae

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35
Q

what are cytokines?

A

proteins that modulate the functions of other cell types

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36
Q

what can produce cytokines?

A

most are produced by macrophages or lymphocytes
also: endothelial cells, epithelial cells, connective tissue cells

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37
Q

can pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells enter circulation?

A

yes

38
Q

does maturation or differentiation correspond with morphologic changes in the cells?

A

maturation

39
Q

what happens with the size of erythrocytes as they mature?

A

decrease in size as they mature

40
Q

at what stage does the cytoplasm of erythrocytes become visible?

A

rubricyte stage

41
Q

how do macrophages support red cell precursors?

A

provide nutrients
phagocytize defective cells and extruded nuclei

42
Q

what is the first identifiable erythroid cell?

A

rubriblast

43
Q

a rubriblast eventually produces about ____________________

A

16 mature red blood cells

44
Q

what hormones regulate erythropoiesis?

A

erythropoietin
interleukin-3 and colony-stimulating factors
other hormones

45
Q

what is erythropoietin?

A

glycoprotein

46
Q

what produces erythropoietin?

A

peritubular interstitial cells of the kidney
lesser extent hepatocytes and ito cells in liver

47
Q

what does erythropoietin inhibit?

A

apoptosis of erythroid progenitor cells

48
Q

what are platelets produced from in mammals?

A

megakaryocytes

49
Q

what are platelets produced from in species other than mammals?

A

thromboblasts

50
Q

what is thrombocytosis?

A

increased platelets or thrombocytes

51
Q

what is thrombocytopenia?

A

decreased platelets or thrombocytes

52
Q

why are megakaryocytes distinctive in bone marrow?

A

large size
polyploidy

53
Q

how are platelets released from mature megakaryocytes?

A

fragmentation of cytoplasmic extensions

54
Q

what produces thrombopoietin?

A

bone marrow
liver
kidney

55
Q

what is the main growth factor involved in megakaryocytes and platelet production?

A

thrombopoietin

56
Q

thrombopoietin binds to circulating _____________, and thus the amount of free TPO is regulated by the total ______________________

A

platelets
platelet mass

57
Q

what is the first recognizable cell in the granulocytic lineage?

A

myeloblast

58
Q

how many nuclear segments does the segmented cell have?

A

2-4 nuclear segments

59
Q

what are reticulocytes?

A

polychromatophilic erythrocytes stained with new methylene blue stain
immature red blood cells

60
Q

why might chronic renal failure lead to anemia?

A

decreased erythropoietin levels

61
Q

what does erythropoietin stimulate?

A

proliferation of mitotic erythroid precursor cells
release of immature red blood cells into circulation

62
Q

why can erythropoietin stimulate platelet synthesis?

A

structurally similar to thrombopoietin

63
Q

what hormone decreases the response to erythropoietin?

A

estrogen

64
Q

where can megakaryocytes be found?

A

lung
spleen
bone marrow

65
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur in the fetus?

A

liver
spleen
thymus
lymph nodes

66
Q

what does inactive bone marrow consist of?

A

adipocytes
endothelial cells
reticular cells

67
Q

what happens in lymph nodes with hematopoiesis?

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells
can do other cell lines, uncommon

68
Q

why does extramedullary hematopoiesis occur?

A

response to anemia/cytopenias
common in normal too

69
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur in reptiles?

A

spleen
bone marrow

70
Q

why are nerves important in bone marrow?

A

regulate vascular tone

71
Q

______________ are a type of cytokine, many of which influence hematopoiesis

A

interleukins

72
Q

what does interleukin-1 stimulate?

A

myelopoiesis

73
Q

what are colony-forming units?

A

stem cells and committed precursor cells

74
Q

when does a red cytoplasm in erythrocyte maturation become visible?

A

rubricyte stage

75
Q

what is a polychromatophilic erythrocyte?

A

nucleus has been extruded
cytoplasm is still kind-of basophilic: ribosomes and RNA

76
Q

what are reticulocytes?

A

polychromatophilic erythrocytes stained with new methylene blue

77
Q

what does erythropoietin inhibit?

A

apoptosis of erythroid progenitor cells

78
Q

what is granulocyte maturation characterized by?

A

production of cytoplasmic granules and increasing nuclear segmentation

79
Q

what does inactive marrow consist of?

A

adipocytes
endothelial cells
reticular cells

80
Q

can lymph nodes act as a site for hematopoiesis of cells other than lymphcytes and plasma cells?

A

rarely

81
Q

is it common to see extramedullary hematopoiesis in spleens of normal patients?

A

yes

82
Q

what was the mononuclear phagocyte system formerly known as?

A

reticuloendothelial system

83
Q

what happens in the mononuclear phagocyte system?

A

removal and destruction of blood cells
hemoglobin degradation
iron storage
secretion of factors influencing hematopoiesis

84
Q

where is release of blood cells from marrow controlled?

A

endothelial cells lining sinuses

85
Q

can pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells enter circulation?

A

yes

86
Q

how much of the bone marrow cells are pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells?

A

<0.2%

87
Q

what is the morphology of colony-forming units similar to?

A

small lymphocytes

88
Q

red blood cell precursors cluster around a _________________ in erythroid islands

A

macrophage: nurse cell

89
Q

how many mature red blood cells does a rubriblast eventually produce?

A

16

90
Q

with high erythropoietin levels, platelets may decrease as stem cells differentiate into the _________________________________

A

erythroid, rather than megakaryocyte, pathway

91
Q

how does thyroxine stimulate erythropoietin production?

A

indirectly by increasing tissue oxygen demand

Hemic-Lymphatic and Clin Path (33 decks)

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