Hepatic Clinical Pathology Flashcards
what are some normal hepatic FNA findings?
blood contamination
clusters of hepatocytes
uncommon: small clumps biliary epithelium
what is lipofuscin?
residues of lysosomal digestion
what can hepatocyte copper granules be associated with?
concurrent hepatitis
how is copper hepatopathy best diagnosed?
liver biopsy
what is hepatic vacuolar change from?
lipid accumulation
glycogen accumulation
why can glucocorticoids cause glycogen vacuolation?
disturb balance between glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis
when do clinical alterations in hepatic function tests occur?
more than 70-80% of hepatic functional mass lost
what does functional mass depend on?
number of hepatocytes
viability of hepatocytes
are hepatic enzyme or hepatic function tests more sensitive for hepatic disease?
hepatic enzyme tests more sensitive
what predominantly produces bilirubin?
macrophages
what is delta bilirubin or biliprotein?
conjugated bilirubin bound to serum proteins
will bilirubin in urine precede hyperbilirubinnemia?
usually
what do bile acids do?
act as biologic detergents to solubilize lipids in the intestine
when might you see increased bile acid levels?
reduced hepatic functional mass
cholestasis
portosystemic shunting
combination
what is ammonia produced from?
protein/amino acid catabolism
what are some causes of hyperammonemia?
portosystemic shunting
decreased hepatic uptake
urea or ammonia toxicosis
congenital urea cycle enzyme deficiency
when might ammonium biurate crystals be seen in urine?
hyperammonia
increased urates
hyperuricosuria
what are the induced/cholestatic enzymes?
ALP: alkaline phosphatase
GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase
when might decreased levels of the cytoplasmic enzymes occur?
hepatic atrophy or cirrhosis
how specific to the liver is ALT (alanine aminotransferase) for dogs and cats?
pretty specific
mild increases may occur with muscle necrosis
what does hepatocellular injury and swelling often result in?
intrahepatic cholestasis
