Erythrocytes Part 2

Question 1

what may be seen with intravascular hemolysis?

Answer 1

hemoglobinuria
hyperbilirubinemia
bilirubinuria

Question 2

how does extravascular hemolysis occur?

Answer 2

red blood cells are removed from blood my macrophages and destroyed

Question 3

what is haptoglobin?

Answer 3

hemoglobin binding protein

Question 4

free hemoglobin can pass through the glomerulus, but ________________________ is too large to pass into urine

Answer 4

hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex

Question 5

what can be seen with extravascular hemolysis?

Answer 5

hyperbilirubinemia
bilirubinuria

Question 6

is plasma hemolyzed in extravascular hemolysis?

Answer 6

no

Question 7

what is IMHA?

Answer 7

anemia caused by binding of antibodies (+/- complement) to red blood cells, leading to increased destruction

Question 8

is immune-mediated hemolytic anemia usually intravascular or extravascular?

Answer 8

extravascular: macrophages via Fc receptor

Question 9

how can immune-mediated hemolytic anemia be intravascular?

Answer 9

complement fixed by bound antibody

Question 10

what are the clinical findings of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia?

Answer 10

anemia: often severe
agglutination of red blood cells maybe
spherocytosis
inflammatory leukogram typically
hypoxia-induced hepatocellular necrosis

Question 11

what bloodwork abnormality is often present in immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (other than anemia)?

Answer 11

inflammatory leukogram: neutrophilia, left shift, +/- toxic change

Question 12

what is agglutination?

Answer 12

aggregation of red blood cells in clusters

Question 13

what is rouleaux?

Answer 13

stack-like or linear arrangements of red blood cells seen on blood films

Question 14

how can rouleaux be distinguished from agglutination?

Answer 14

wet prep of saline and blood under microscope: rouleaux should disperse, agglutination will not
rouleaux is weak attachments

Question 15

what is done in a coomb’s test?

Answer 15

anti-immunoglobulin antibody is mixed with blood to induce agglutination of antibody-coated red blood cells

Question 16

why is a coomb’s test performed?

Answer 16

not all red blood cells with surface antibodies will autoagglutinate, but can still cause IMHA

Question 17

what can lead to false negatives with a coombs’ test?

Answer 17

too little antibody on red blood cells to detect
corticosteroid treatment/immunosuppression
antibody may wash off red blood cells during test
prozone effect: to much anti-antibody added

Question 18

what is the most common cause of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

Answer 18

idiopathic

Question 19

who is autoimmune hemolytic anemia most common in?

Answer 19

middle-aged dogs
females or neutered males
cocker spaniels

Question 20

what is drug-induced IMHA caused by?

Answer 20

drug binding on red blood cell surface, inducing an immune response

Question 21

what are the problematic blood groups in dogs?

Answer 21

DEA 1 most immunogenic/problematic
Dal present in most dogs

Question 22

what animals generally do not have naturally-occurring antibody against other blood types, and must be sensitized before a transfusion reaction will occur?

Answer 22

dogs
horses

Question 23

which blood group of cats has large amounts of naturally-occurring antibody to the other blood group?

Answer 23

type B

Question 24

what is a major cross match?

Answer 24

washed donor red blood cells are mixed with recipient serum

Question 25

what does a major cross match test for?

Answer 25

presence of antibody in recipient's blood against donor red blood cells

Question 26

what does a minor cross match test for?

Answer 26

antibody against recipient's red blood cells in donor blood

Question 27

what is neonatal isoerythrolysis caused by?

Answer 27

blood type incompatibility between mare and foal also in cats

Question 28

what are hemotropic mycoplasmas?

Answer 28

small, dot-like epicellular organisms that are found on red blood cells

Question 29

how can hemotropic mycoplasmas be diagnosed?

Answer 29

microscopic examination of blood PCR analysis of blood

Question 30

how can hemotropic mycoplasma be treated?

Answer 30

tetracycline/doxycycline

Question 31

how is feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis transmitted?

Answer 31

fleas transfusions

Question 32

what is more pathogenic in feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis?

Answer 32

Mycoplasma hemofelis

Question 33

how is Mycoplasma haemocanis transmitted?

Answer 33

arthropods transfusions maternal

Question 34

what is anemia from Mycoplasma haemocanis usually like?

Answer 34

usually mild to moderate may be severe after splenectomy or in immunosuppressed dogs

Question 35

who does Mycoplasma haemosuis impact?

Answer 35

young piglets

Question 36

what causes red blood cell anaplasmosis in cattle?

Answer 36

Anaplasma marginale

Question 37

how is red blood cell anaplasmosis transmitted?

Answer 37

ticks biting flies

Question 38

what type of hemolysis does red blood cell anaplasmosis cause?

Answer 38

extravascular

Question 39

are red blood cell protozoal infections intracellular or extracellular?

Answer 39

intracellular

Question 40

what red blood cell protozoa/babesia infect dogs?

Answer 40

Babesia canis B. gibsoni B. coco

Question 41

who carries Babesia canis?

Answer 41

ticks

Question 42

what does Babesia canis cause?

Answer 42

hemolytic anemia can be subclinical

Question 43

who is Babesia gibsoni most common in?

Answer 43

pit bulls in US

Question 44

how is Babesia gibsoni transmitted?

Answer 44

ticks dog bites maternal?

Question 45

where is cytauxzoonosis in cats most common?

Answer 45

southeast and south central US

Question 46

what does bovine babesiosis cause?

Answer 46

intravascular hemolysis by escaping merozoites increased osmotic fragility of red blood cells secondary immune mediated splenic removal of red blood cells

Question 47

does trypanosomiasis infect red blood cells?

Answer 47

no may be found in circulation

Question 48

what are the vectors of Hemoproteus sp?

Answer 48

insects: midges, hippoboscids, tabanid flies

Question 49

how is Plasmodium sp transmitted?

Answer 49

mosquitos

Question 50

_____________________ have a similar appearance to Hemoproteus sp, but infect reptiles, amphibians, or fish

Answer 50

Haemogregarines

Question 51

what is Leucocytozoon sp common in?

Answer 51

birds

Question 52

what causes equine infectious anemia?

Answer 52

retrovirus

Question 53

what can chronic infection of equine infectious anemia cause?

Answer 53

suppression of erythropoiesis

Question 54

how can FeLV cause anemia?

Answer 54

induction of IMHA immunosuppression and secondary infections myelodysplasia bone marrow neoplasia/myelophthisis

Question 55

in what animals can leptospirosis induce acute hemolysis?

Answer 55

calves piglets lambs

Question 56

how does bacillary hemoglobinuria work?

Answer 56

bacteria proliferate in anaerobic environment, producing beta toxin: phospholipase C damages red blood cell membranes

Question 57

what are some oxidant effects of red blood cells?

Answer 57

heinz bodies methemoglobin eccentrocytes and pyknocytes

Question 58

when is methemoglobin formed?

Answer 58

oxidation converts the iron atoms in hemoglobin from ferrous to the ferric state

Question 59

who is particularly susceptible to oxidant injury from acetaminophen?

Answer 59

cats

Question 60

what is acetaminophen toxicity in dogs likely to cause?

Answer 60

liver damage not hemolysis

Question 61

what does zinc toxicity cause in dogs?

Answer 61

hemolytic anemia due to oxidant injury large amounts: liver and kidney failure

Question 62

who is red maple leaf toxicity most commonly seen in?

Answer 62

horses also camelids

Question 63

what do low phosphorous levels lead to?

Answer 63

low ATP levels in red blood cells and decreased membrane integrity

Question 64

when can osmotic hemolysis occur?

Answer 64

with administration of hypotonic fluids or "water toxicity"