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Hemic-Lymphatic and Clin Path > Erythrocytes Part 2 > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what may be seen with intravascular hemolysis?

A

hemoglobinuria
hyperbilirubinemia
bilirubinuria

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2
Q

how does extravascular hemolysis occur?

A

red blood cells are removed from blood my macrophages and destroyed

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3
Q

what is haptoglobin?

A

hemoglobin binding protein

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4
Q

free hemoglobin can pass through the glomerulus, but ________________________ is too large to pass into urine

A

hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex

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5
Q

what can be seen with extravascular hemolysis?

A

hyperbilirubinemia
bilirubinuria

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6
Q

is plasma hemolyzed in extravascular hemolysis?

A

no

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7
Q

what is IMHA?

A

anemia caused by binding of antibodies (+/- complement) to red blood cells, leading to increased destruction

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8
Q

is immune-mediated hemolytic anemia usually intravascular or extravascular?

A

extravascular: macrophages via Fc receptor

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9
Q

how can immune-mediated hemolytic anemia be intravascular?

A

complement fixed by bound antibody

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10
Q

what are the clinical findings of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia?

A

anemia: often severe
agglutination of red blood cells maybe
spherocytosis
inflammatory leukogram typically
hypoxia-induced hepatocellular necrosis

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11
Q

what bloodwork abnormality is often present in immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (other than anemia)?

A

inflammatory leukogram: neutrophilia, left shift, +/- toxic change

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12
Q

what is agglutination?

A

aggregation of red blood cells in clusters

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13
Q

what is rouleaux?

A

stack-like or linear arrangements of red blood cells seen on blood films

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14
Q

how can rouleaux be distinguished from agglutination?

A

wet prep of saline and blood under microscope: rouleaux should disperse, agglutination will not
rouleaux is weak attachments

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15
Q

what is done in a coomb’s test?

A

anti-immunoglobulin antibody is mixed with blood to induce agglutination of antibody-coated red blood cells

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16
Q

why is a coomb’s test performed?

A

not all red blood cells with surface antibodies will autoagglutinate, but can still cause IMHA

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17
Q

what can lead to false negatives with a coombs’ test?

A

too little antibody on red blood cells to detect
corticosteroid treatment/immunosuppression
antibody may wash off red blood cells during test
prozone effect: to much anti-antibody added

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18
Q

what is the most common cause of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

A

idiopathic

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19
Q

who is autoimmune hemolytic anemia most common in?

A

middle-aged dogs
females or neutered males
cocker spaniels

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20
Q

what is drug-induced IMHA caused by?

A

drug binding on red blood cell surface, inducing an immune response

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21
Q

what are the problematic blood groups in dogs?

A

DEA 1 most immunogenic/problematic
Dal present in most dogs

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22
Q

what animals generally do not have naturally-occurring antibody against other blood types, and must be sensitized before a transfusion reaction will occur?

A

dogs
horses

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23
Q

which blood group of cats has large amounts of naturally-occurring antibody to the other blood group?

A

type B

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24
Q

what is a major cross match?

A

washed donor red blood cells are mixed with recipient serum

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25
Q

what does a major cross match test for?

A

presence of antibody in recipient’s blood against donor red blood cells

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26
Q

what does a minor cross match test for?

A

antibody against recipient’s red blood cells in donor blood

27
Q

what is neonatal isoerythrolysis caused by?

A

blood type incompatibility between mare and foal
also in cats

28
Q

what are hemotropic mycoplasmas?

A

small, dot-like epicellular organisms that are found on red blood cells

29
Q

how can hemotropic mycoplasmas be diagnosed?

A

microscopic examination of blood
PCR analysis of blood

30
Q

how can hemotropic mycoplasma be treated?

A

tetracycline/doxycycline

31
Q

how is feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis transmitted?

A

fleas
transfusions

32
Q

what is more pathogenic in feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis?

A

Mycoplasma hemofelis

33
Q

how is Mycoplasma haemocanis transmitted?

A

arthropods
transfusions
maternal

34
Q

what is anemia from Mycoplasma haemocanis usually like?

A

usually mild to moderate
may be severe after splenectomy or in immunosuppressed dogs

35
Q

who does Mycoplasma haemosuis impact?

A

young piglets

36
Q

what causes red blood cell anaplasmosis in cattle?

A

Anaplasma marginale

37
Q

how is red blood cell anaplasmosis transmitted?

A

ticks
biting flies

38
Q

what type of hemolysis does red blood cell anaplasmosis cause?

A

extravascular

39
Q

are red blood cell protozoal infections intracellular or extracellular?

A

intracellular

40
Q

what red blood cell protozoa/babesia infect dogs?

A

Babesia canis
B. gibsoni
B. coco

41
Q

who carries Babesia canis?

A

ticks

42
Q

what does Babesia canis cause?

A

hemolytic anemia
can be subclinical

43
Q

who is Babesia gibsoni most common in?

A

pit bulls in US

44
Q

how is Babesia gibsoni transmitted?

A

ticks
dog bites
maternal?

45
Q

where is cytauxzoonosis in cats most common?

A

southeast and south central US

46
Q

what does bovine babesiosis cause?

A

intravascular hemolysis by escaping merozoites
increased osmotic fragility of red blood cells
secondary immune mediated splenic removal of red blood cells

47
Q

does trypanosomiasis infect red blood cells?

A

no
may be found in circulation

48
Q

what are the vectors of Hemoproteus sp?

A

insects: midges, hippoboscids, tabanid flies

49
Q

how is Plasmodium sp transmitted?

A

mosquitos

50
Q

_____________________ have a similar appearance to Hemoproteus sp, but infect reptiles, amphibians, or fish

A

Haemogregarines

51
Q

what is Leucocytozoon sp common in?

A

birds

52
Q

what causes equine infectious anemia?

A

retrovirus

53
Q

what can chronic infection of equine infectious anemia cause?

A

suppression of erythropoiesis

54
Q

how can FeLV cause anemia?

A

induction of IMHA
immunosuppression and secondary infections
myelodysplasia
bone marrow neoplasia/myelophthisis

55
Q

in what animals can leptospirosis induce acute hemolysis?

A

calves
piglets
lambs

56
Q

how does bacillary hemoglobinuria work?

A

bacteria proliferate in anaerobic environment, producing beta toxin: phospholipase C
damages red blood cell membranes

57
Q

what are some oxidant effects of red blood cells?

A

heinz bodies
methemoglobin
eccentrocytes and pyknocytes

58
Q

when is methemoglobin formed?

A

oxidation converts the iron atoms in hemoglobin from ferrous to the ferric state

59
Q

who is particularly susceptible to oxidant injury from acetaminophen?

A

cats

60
Q

what is acetaminophen toxicity in dogs likely to cause?

A

liver damage
not hemolysis

61
Q

what does zinc toxicity cause in dogs?

A

hemolytic anemia due to oxidant injury
large amounts: liver and kidney failure

62
Q

who is red maple leaf toxicity most commonly seen in?

A

horses
also camelids

63
Q

what do low phosphorous levels lead to?

A

low ATP levels in red blood cells and decreased membrane integrity

64
Q

when can osmotic hemolysis occur?

A

with administration of hypotonic fluids or “water toxicity”

Hemic-Lymphatic and Clin Path (33 decks)

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