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Hemic-Lymphatic and Clin Path > Erythrocytes Part 1 > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of erythrocytes?

A

transport oxygen to tissues

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2
Q

in what species do red blood cells have less concavity?

A

cats
cattle
horses

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3
Q

what is most energy of red blood cells provided by?

A

anaerobic glycolysis
red blood cells lack mitochondria

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4
Q

what does the Na/K ATPase in red blood cells do?

A

maintain gradient between cytoplasm and extracellular fluid

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5
Q

what are the components of hemoglobin?

A

heme
iron
globin (protein)

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6
Q

where is heme synthesized?

A

mitochondria

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7
Q

what is assessed in red blood cells?

A

number/mass
indices: parameters
morphology

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8
Q

where is globin synthesized?

A

ribosomes

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9
Q

how is hematocrit calculated by hematology analyzers?

A

based on volume and number of red blood cells

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10
Q

what are some abnormalities of red blood cell number/volume?

A

anemia
polycythemia or erythrocytosis

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11
Q

what does regenerative anemia usually indicate?

A

increased destruction or loss of red blood cells

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12
Q

what does nonregenerative anemia result from?

A

decreased hematopoiesis/erythropoiesis

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13
Q

what are the red blood cell indices measurements of?

A

red blood cell size and hemoglobin content

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14
Q

what is the mean cell volume?

A

average volume of individual erythrocytes

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15
Q

what is macrocytic/macrocytosis?

A

increased mean cellular volume

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16
Q

what are some causes of macrocytosis?

A

regenerative anemia: most common
FeLV infected cats
toy/miniature poodles
folate or cobalamin deficiency
drugs that interfere with DNA synthesis
myelodysplasia or dyserythropoiesis

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17
Q

when might microcytosis be seen?

A

some breeds have it normally
iron deficiency/chronic blood loss: most common
portosystemic shunting
copper deficiency
lead poisoning

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18
Q

what is red cell distribution width a measurement of?

A

variation in size of red blood cells

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19
Q

what is the mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)?

A

average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells

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20
Q

what is hypochromasia?

A

decreased mean cell hemoglobin concentration

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21
Q

why might you see hypochromasia?

A

regenerative anemias: immature red blood cells have less hemoglobin
iron deficiency

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22
Q

when might you see hyperchromasia?

A

artifacts:
hemolysis
heinz bodies
lipemia
red blood cell agglutination

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23
Q

what is CHCM?

A

cell hemoglobin concentration mean

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24
Q

how does cell hemoglobin concentration mean measure?

A

laser backscatter to measure hemoglobin in intact red blood cells
less susceptible to hemolysis artifact

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25
Q

what are red blood cells evaluated for for the morphologic assessment?

A

size
color and central pallor
abnormal shapes
inclusions or infectious agents

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26
Q

what can cause an increase in polychromasia or reticulocytes?

A

accelerated release of immature red blood cells from bone marrow in anemia

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27
Q

what is polychromasia?

A

basophilic red blood cells seen in blood film

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28
Q

what is the basophilia in polychromasia due to?

A

low hemoglobin content and higher RNA content

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29
Q

what is basophilic stippling?

A

basophilic, dot-like inclusions in red blood cells

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30
Q

what is basophilic stippling caused by?

A

aggregated ribosomes

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31
Q

what are poikilocytes?

A

abnormally-shaped red blood cells

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32
Q

what with poikilocytes may provide a clue about the causes of anemia/disease?

A

type of poikilocytes

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33
Q

what are the most common type of poikilocytosis?

A

echinocytes (or crenated red blood cells)

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34
Q

what are echinocytes characterized by?

A

uniformly-sized and spaced out bumps or spikes

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35
Q

what is the most common significance of echinocytes?

A

drying artifact: usually no clinical significance

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36
Q

when might echinocytosis occur that have clinical significance?

A

uremia
snake envenomation
glomerulonephritis
red blood cell dehydration
neoplasia
electrolyte losses in horses
commonly found in normal pigs

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37
Q

what are acanthocytes?

A

similar to echinocytes, but with irregularly-sized or spaced projections

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38
Q

what is the theoretical mechanism to acanthocytes?

A

increased cholesterol content in red blood cell membranes

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39
Q

when might acanthocytes occur?

A

hypercholesterolemia
liver disease
erythrocyte fragmentation/turbulence injury
young goats, deer, or cattle

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40
Q

what are schistocytes/schizocytes?

A

small, irregularly-shaped red blood cell fragments

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41
Q

what are some causes of schistocytes?

A

hemangiosarcoma
disseminated intravascular coagulation
glomerulonephritis
iron deficiency
heartworm disease/caval syndrome
liver disease in cats
vasculitis

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42
Q

what are keratocytes?

A

acanthocyte-like cell with two horns or spikes

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43
Q

when do eccentrocytes occur?

A

red blood cell membrane oxidizes and fuses together, excluding cytoplasm from that area

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44
Q

when are eccentrocytes found?

A

oxidative cell injury

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45
Q

what are the red blood cell indices?

A

red blood cell volume
red blood cell hemoglobin content
red blood cell hemoglobin concentration
red blood cell size variation

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46
Q

what do spherocytes appear as?

A

small, dense red blood cells
no central pallor

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47
Q

who are spherocytes typically reported in?

A

only dogs: lack of central pallor in normal red blood cells of other species

48
Q

what do spherocytes most commonly result from?

A

removal of part of erythrocyte cell membrane without loss of cytoplasm

49
Q

what can cause spherocytes?

A

immune-mediated anemia
fragmentation injury
oxidation
bee stings or snake envenomation

50
Q

how can immune-mediated anemia cause spherocytes?

A

macrophages remove part of red blood cell typically because antibody is bound to cell

51
Q

what are red blood cell ghosts?

A

empty membranes from lysed red blood cells

52
Q

what types of hemolysis can cause red blood cell ghosts?

A

intravenous
in vitro

53
Q

what are leptocytes?

A

abnormally thin red blood cells

54
Q

what do codocytes look like?

A

excess membrane forms a bump in middle of cell

55
Q

what can cause codocytes?

A

immature red blood cells
increased membrane cholesterol
splenectomy
iron deficiency

56
Q

what do howell-jolly bodies look like?

A

small, dark-staining, usually round inclusions

57
Q

what are howell-jolly bodies?

A

remnant of extruded nucleus

58
Q

what are heinz bodies?

A

red blood cell inclusions formed when hemoglobin is oxidized and precipitates

59
Q

is it normal for cats to have low number of heinz bodies?

A

yes
1-5% of red blood cells

60
Q

when might increased heinz bodies be seen in cats?

A

oxidant ingestion
propofol anesthesia
“metabolic” diseases

61
Q

when are increased nucleated red blood cells often seen?

A

conjunction with polychromasia as part of regenerative response

62
Q

increased nucleated red blood cells without polychromasia may be termed _________________________________

A

innappropriate metarubricytosis
not part of regenerative response

63
Q

what is anemia?

A

decreased red blood cell mass
or hemoglobin

64
Q

patients with ___________ anemia typically display milder clinical signs than a patient with ___________ anemia due to ______________________

A

chronic
acute
compensation/adaptation

65
Q

how can a patient compensate for anemia?

A

increased levels of erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
increased cardiac output
redistribution of blood flow
increased oxygen extraction in tissues

66
Q

how can anemias be classified?

A

red blood cell parameters
regenerative vs nonregenerative
classification based on cause if known

67
Q

how can you assess regeneration?

A

increased reticulocyte count
blood film
red blood cell indices
erythroid hyperplasia in bone marrow

68
Q

what are the two terms for immature anucleate red blood cells?

A

reticulocytes
polychromatophils

69
Q

how long does the regenerative response to anemia typically take?

A

3-5 days to begin
7-10 days for full response

70
Q

do horses release significant numbers of reticulocytes in regeneration?

A

no

71
Q

what do ruminants often exhibit in regeneration?

A

basophilic stipling

72
Q

what are the basic causes of regenerative anemia?

A

hemorrhage
increased red blood cell destruction

73
Q

what percentage of blood can animals lose without going into hypovolemic shock?

A

25-30%

74
Q

loss of ___________ blood volume leads to hypovolemic shock

A

30-40%

75
Q

loss of ___________ blood volume leads to death

A

> 50%

76
Q

in what species can the spleen contract to increase hematocrit?

A

dogs
horses
cats

77
Q

what happens with fluid after acute blood loss?

A

fluid enters vascular space to restore lost circulatory volume
extra fluid dilutes the remaining blood
anemia may take 12-24 hours to appear

78
Q

what patterns of PCV and TS can be seen with acute blood loss?

A

low PCV and low TS unless very acute
may have low TS but normal PCV due to splenic contraction
internal blood loss may cause low PCV with normal protein

79
Q

how can you tell hemolysis is intravascular with the blood?

A

hemolyzed plasma typically
artifactual increase in MCHC
maybe RBC ghosts

80
Q

what is commonly seen with urine with intravascular hemolysis?

A

hemoglobinuria
bilirubinuria

81
Q

how can you tell hemolysis is extravascular?

A

clear plasma
no hemoglobinuria
hyperbilirubinemia, bilirubinuria common

82
Q

what is immune mediated hemolytic anemia caused by?

A

binding of antibodies to red blood cells, leading to increased destruction

83
Q

is immune mediated hemolytic anemia usually intravascular or extravascular?

A

extravascular, can be intravascular

84
Q

what are the causes of immune mediated hemolytic anemia?

A

autoimmune hemolytic anemia
red blood cell infections/parasites
incompatible blood transfusion
neonatal isoerythrolysis
drug interactions
idiopathic

85
Q

what is another finding with immune mediated hemolytic anemia with the liver?

A

hypoxia-induced hepatocellular necrosis

86
Q

what does agglutination indicate?

A

antibody on red blood cell surface

87
Q

what are some reported causes of drug-induced immune mediated hemolytic anemia?

A

cephalosporins
penicillin
levamisole
sulfonamides

88
Q

which blood groups are the most immunogenic in equines?

A

Aa
Qa

89
Q

what is the most immunogenic blood group in dogs?

A

DEA 1

90
Q

how long is the half life of transfused blood in type A cats that receive type B?

A

2 days

91
Q

what blood type are queens with neonatal isoerythrolysis in their kittens?

A

queens type B
kittens type A or AB

92
Q

how can hemotropic mycoplasmas be diagnosed?

A

microscopic examination of blood
PCR analysis of blood

93
Q

how can hemotropic mycoplasmas be treated?

A

tetracycline/doxycycline

94
Q

which Mycoplasma is more pathogenic for cats?

A

M. hemofelis

95
Q

what is feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis like?

A

varies from asymptomatic to marked anemia

96
Q

how is Mycoplasma haemosuis spread?

A

in utero
blood transfer

97
Q

who does Anaplasma marginale impact?

A

cattle

98
Q

how is anaplasmosis transmitted?

A

ticks
biting flies

99
Q

what does Babesia canis look like on a blood smear?

A

relatively large, teardrop shaped piroplasms

100
Q

where is Babesia canis most common?

A

south and southeast US

101
Q

what does Babesia gibsoni look like on a blood smear?

A

small piroplasms

102
Q

what does cytauxzoonosis cause in cats?

A

hemolytic anemia
usually rapid death

103
Q

where do schizonts of cytauxzoonosis in cats grow?

A

macrophages

104
Q

what is the pathogenicity of Hemoproteus sp like in birds?

A

low: more than 50% of erythrocytes parasitized without signs of disease

105
Q

what are the vectors of Hemoproteus sp?

A

insects

106
Q

who do Plasmodium sp infect?

A

birds

107
Q

who do Haemogregarines infect?

A

reptiles
amphibians
fish

108
Q

what can Leucocytozoon sp cause in birds?

A

anorexia
dehydration
depression
hemolytic anemia
hemoglobinuria

109
Q

how can FeLV cause anemia?

A

induction of IMHA
immunosuppression and secondary infections
myelodysplasia
bone marrow neoplasia/myelophthisis

110
Q

what do some serovars of Leptospirosis induce?

A

acute hemolysis: calves, piglets, lambs

111
Q

can Fe oxidation be reversed?

A

yes

112
Q

what is the toxic dosage of acetaminophen in cats?

A

10 mg/kg

113
Q

what does hypophosphatemia lead to?

A

low ATP levels in red blood cells and decreased membrane integrity

114
Q

what is PK deficiency?

A

deficiency of pyruvate kinase
deficient ATP production

115
Q

why is PK deficiency a problem?

A

increased extravascular hemolysis

Hemic-Lymphatic and Clin Path (33 decks)

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