Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids

Question 1

what are the proteins in serum/plasma?

Answer 1

albumin
globulins: everything else

Question 2

what does serum lack in terms of proteins?

Answer 2

fibrinogen and non-enzymatic clotting factors

Question 3

how can an A:G ratio be used?

Answer 3

to determine the cause of protein abnormalities
albumin:globulins

Question 4

when might you see hyperproteinemia with a normal A:G ratio?

Answer 4

dehydration

Question 5

what are the functions of albumin?

Answer 5

protein/amino acid reservoir
maintenance plamsa oncotic pressure
transport protein

Question 6

what are the rule-outs for hyperalbuminemia?

Answer 6

dehydration
artifactual

Question 7

what are some rule-outs with hypoalbuminemia?

Answer 7

decreased production
increased loss
artifactual

Question 8

what can cause decreased production of albumin?

Answer 8

primary: hepatic insufficiency
decreased amino acid supply
down-regulation

Question 9

what might cause albumin-specific loss (and not globulins)?

Answer 9

glomerular disease

Question 10

when is hypoglobulinemia most commonly seen?

Answer 10

failure of passive transfer

Question 11

what is hyperglobulinemia usually due to?

Answer 11

increased gamma globulins: polyclonal gammopathy or monoclonal gammopathy

Question 12

in whom is fibrinogen most commonly evaluated?

Answer 12

cattle
horses

Question 13

what produces C-reactive protein?

Answer 13

liver

Question 14

does C-reactive protein only increase with inflammation?

Answer 14

no- also noninflammatory conditions

Question 15

in whom is serum amyloid A useful?

Answer 15

cats
horses

Question 16

where is lipoprotein lipase expressed?

Answer 16

on cell membranes: especially adipocytes and muscle

Question 17

what do patients with acute pancreatitis often havee with lipids?

Answer 17

hypertriglyceridemia and lipemia
+/- hypercholesterolemia

Question 18

what primarily supplies glucose during fasting?

Answer 18

liver

Question 19

how do glucocorticoids/corticosteroids affect glucose?

Answer 19

promote gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
antagonize insulin by decreasing cellular uptake glucose

Question 20

what does xylitol toxicity cause?

Answer 20

hypoglycemia: release of insulin from beta cells
hepatic necrosis: larger doses

Question 21

when is glycosylated protein (glucose bound to proteins) elevated?

Answer 21

chronic hyperglycemia

Question 22

when does increased ketone production occur?

Answer 22

negative energy balance: diabetes mellitus, bovine ketosis, starvation, late pregnancy/early lactation

Question 23

what is lactate produced in?

Answer 23

anaerobic glycolysis