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lesson 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

two main groups of the digestive system

A

those forming the alimentary canal; accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

performs the whole menu of digestive functions as it propels the foodstuffs along its tract.

A

Alimentary canal

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3
Q

functions of the alimentary canal

A

ingests
digests
absorbs
defecates

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4
Q

where does the blood group antigens of the alimentary canal found?

A

found on the membrane of the red blood cell of individuals

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5
Q

assist the process of digestive breakdown in various ways.

A

Accessory Digestive Organs

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6
Q

Organs included in the Accessory Digestive Organs

A

teeth
tongue
several large digestive glands

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7
Q

Explanation of the human digestive system

A

First, the mouth or the oral cavity contains the tongue. Inside, we have the salivary glands, namely the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular gland. Then, the pharynx. Going down, it’s the esophagus. Going down again, it’s the stomach. Beside the stomach [area] you can see the liver, gallbladder, spleen at the back and pancreas. After the stomach it goes down to the small intestine, comprising of the duodenum, jejunum, & ileum. Followed by the large intestine comprising the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, cecum, sigmoid colon, rectum appendix, anal canal, and anus.

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8
Q

Also known as Gastrointestinal Tract or Gut

A

Alimentary Canal

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9
Q

A continuous, coiled hollow muscular tube that winds throughout the ventral body cavity from stomach to anus.

A

Alimentary Canal

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10
Q

Organs of the alimentary canal

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

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11
Q

leads to the terminal opening or anus

A

Large intestine

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12
Q

In a cadaver, the alimentary canal is approximately ________ or about _________.

A

9 meters or 30 ft long

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13
Q

In a living person, however, it is considered to be ________ because of its muscle tone.

A

shorter

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14
Q

Food material within this tube is technically _______ the body, because it has contact only with cells lining the tract and the tube is open to the __________ at both ends.

A

outside; external environment

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15
Q

The relationship becomes ______ if you think of the alimentary canal as an________.

A

clear; elongated donut

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16
Q

it is the first organ

A

mouth

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17
Q

it is where the food enters through the digestive tract and has and has a mucous membrane lined cavity

A

mouth

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18
Q

protects the anterior opening

A

lips/labia

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19
Q

form its lateral walls

A

cheeks

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20
Q

forms the anterior roof

A

hard palate

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21
Q

forms the posterior roof

A

soft palate

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22
Q

fleshy finger-like projection of the soft palate and Extends inferiorly from the posterior edge of the soft palate

A

uvula

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23
Q

Space between the lips and cheeks externally at the teeth and gums internally

A

vestibule

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24
Q

the area contained by the teeth

A

oral cavity proper

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25
Q

occupies the floor of the mouth.

A

muscular tongue

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26
Q

has several bony attachments

A

tongue

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27
Q

what are the two several bone attachments of the tongue

A

Hyoid bone
Styloid processes of the skull

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28
Q

Fold of mucous membrane that secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movements.

A

Lingual frenulum

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29
Q

From the mouth, the food passes posteriorly into the ___________________________

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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30
Q

both of which are common passageways for food, fluids, and air.

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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31
Q

part of the respiratory passageway

A

Nasopharynx

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32
Q

posterior to the oral cavity

A

Oropharynx

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33
Q

continuous with the esophagus below

A

Laryngopharynx

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34
Q

The walls of the pharynx contain two skeletal muscle layers

A

The cells of the inner layer run longitudinally;
Those of the outer layer (the constrictor muscles) run around the wall in a circular fashion.

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35
Q

Also known as gullet

A

esophagus

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36
Q

It runs from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the stomach and is essentially a passageway that conducts food by peristalsis to the stomach.

A

esophagus

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37
Q

measurement of the esophagus

A

Approximately about 25cm or 10 inches long

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38
Q

It is the innermost layer; moist membrane that lines the cavity or lumen of the organ; consists primarily of a surface epithelium, plus a small amount of connective tissue (lamina propria) and a scanty muscle layer.

A

Mucosa

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39
Q

beneath the mucosa

A

Submucosa

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40
Q

The submucosa is a soft connective tissue layer containing?

A

blood vessels
nerve endings
mucosassociated lymphoid vessels

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41
Q

muscle layer typically made up of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells

A

Muscularis Externa

42
Q

outermost layer of the wall and it consists of a single layer of flat, serous fluid-producing cells, the visceral peritoneum.

A

Serosa

43
Q

is continuous with the sleek, slippery parietal peritoneum, which lies the abdomino-pelvic cavity by way of a membrane extension—the mesentery.

A

Visceral peritoneum

44
Q

A C-shaped, located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, nearly hidden by the liver and diaphragm.

A

Stomach

45
Q

Varies from __________ in length, but its diameter and volume depend on how much food it contains.

A

15-25cm (6-10 inches)

46
Q

When it is full, it can hold about _________ of food

A

4 liters (1 gallon)

47
Q

___________, it collapses inward on itself and its mucosa is thrown into large folds called _______.

A

When it is empty; rugae

48
Q

also known as cardia; named for its position because it is near from the heart; surrounds the cardioesophageal sphincter, through which food enters the stomach from the esophagus

A

cardial region

49
Q

expanded part of the stomach lateral to the cardial region

A

Fundus

50
Q

midportion; as it narrows inferiorly, it becomes the pyloric antrum

A

body

51
Q

funnel-shaped; terminal part of the stomach;
continuous with the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter or valve

A

pylorus

52
Q

Act as a temporary “storage tank” for food, as well as a site for food breakdown, besides the usual longitudinal circular muscle layer.

A

stomach

53
Q

After the food has been processed in the stomach, it resembles heavy cream is called ________.

A

chyme

54
Q

enters the small intestine through the pyloric sphinter.

A

chyme

55
Q

simple columnar epithelium, composed entirely of mucous cells that produce a protective layer of bicarbonate-rich alkaline mucus that clings to the stomach mucosa and protects the stomach wall from being damaged by acid and digested by enzymes.

A

mucosa of the stomach

56
Q

The otherwise smooth lining is dotted with millions of deep gastric pits, which lead into the gastric glands that secrete the solution called _________.

A

gastric juice

57
Q

some ________ produce intrinsic factor, a substance needed for absorption of Vitamin B12 in the small intestine.

A

stomach cells

58
Q

produce protein digesting enzymes mostly

A

chief cells

59
Q

produce a corrosive hydrochloric acid, which make the stomach contents acidic and activates the enzymes, as in the conversion of pepsinogen pepsin by hydrochloric acid.

A

parietal cells

60
Q

is quite different from those secreted by the mucous cells in the mucosa

A

mucus neck cells

61
Q

produce local hormones such as gastrin, which are important in the digestive activities; entero, meaning gut.

A

enteroendocrine cells

62
Q

Most digestive activity occurs in which region of the stomach?

A

in the pyloric region

63
Q

The _____________ of the stomach is the greater curvature

A

convex lateral surface

64
Q

Its ___________ is the lesser curvature.

A

concave medial surface

65
Q

The _________ is a double layer peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature

A

lesser omentum

66
Q

The ____________, another extension of the peritoneum, drips downward and covers the abdominal organs like before attaching to the posterior body wall.

A

greater omentum

67
Q

is riddle-wig fat, which helps insulate cushion and protect the abdominal organs. It has also a large collection of the lymphoid follicles containing macrophages in defensive cells in the immune system—this is for the protection of the gastrointestinal system.

A

Greater omentum

68
Q

The body’s major digestive organ

A

small intestine

69
Q

within its passageways, usable food is finely prepared to its journey to the cells of the body.

A

small intestine

70
Q

It is the longest section of the alimentary tube, with an average length of ________, wrapped around a living person.

A

2 to 4m

71
Q

encircles and frames small intestine in the abdominal cavity.

A

Large intestine

72
Q

contribute 5% of the length of the small intestine; meaning from the Latin word ‘12 finger-widths long’

A

duodenum

73
Q

contribute 40% of the length of the small intestine; from the Latin word ‘MT’

A

jejunum

74
Q

contribute 60% of the length of the small intestine; meaning, twisted intestine

A

Ileum

75
Q

meets the large intestine at the _________, which joins the large and small intestines

A

ileocecal valve

76
Q

Chemical digestion of foods begins in earnest in the __________

A

small intestine

77
Q

controls food movement into the small intestine from the stomach and prevents the small intestine from being overwhelmed.

A

pyloric sphincter

78
Q

the shortest subdivision of the small intestine.

A

C-shaped duodenum

79
Q

formed by the liver, also enters the duodenum or the bile duct in the same area.

A

bile

80
Q

join at the duodenum to form the flask-like hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

main pancreatic and bile ducts

81
Q

the bile and pancreatic juice travel to the ___________ and enter the duodenum together.

A

duodenal papilla

82
Q

Nearly all food absorption occurs in the ______________.

A

small intestine

83
Q

tiny projections of the plasma membrane of the mucosa cells that give the cell surface a fuzzy appearance, sometimes referred to as the brush border.

A

microvilli

84
Q

fingerlike projections of the mucosa that give it a velvety appearance and feel, much like the soft nap of a towel.

A

villi

85
Q

Within each villus is a rich capillary bed and a modified lymphatic capillary called?

A

lacteal

86
Q

also called plicae circulares

A

circular folds

87
Q

deep folds of both mucosa and submucosa layers

A

circular folds

88
Q

all these structural modifications, which increase the surface area, __________ in number toward the end of the small intestine.

A

decrease

89
Q

local collections of lymphatic tissue (called Peyer’s patches) found in the submucosa, ________ in number toward the end of the small intestine.

A

increase

90
Q

Much larger in diameter than the small intestine (thus, named the large intestine), but shorter in length

A

Large intestine

91
Q

About ____________, it extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus.

A

15 m (5 feet) long

92
Q

It goes around on the small intestine; From the right goes up, transverses, and goes down the sigmoid.

A

Large intestine

93
Q

Major functions of the large intestine

A

to dry out the indigestible food residue by absorbing water;
to eliminate these residues from the body as feces.

94
Q

most of the large intestine, one on the bottom-right; sac-like; first part of the large intestine

A

Cecum

95
Q

extension; worm-like vermiform; hanging from a cecum

A

Appendix

96
Q

inflammation of pancreas

A

Appendicitis

97
Q

a common spot (you might be heard of the appendix site or appendicitis) because it is usually twisted since it is an ideal location for bacteria to accumulate and multiply.

A

Appendix

98
Q

what goes around

A

colon

99
Q

travels up the right side of the abdominal cavity and makes a turn

A

Ascending colon

100
Q

Right colic (or hepatic) flexure, to travel across the abdominal cavity as?

A

transverse colon

101
Q

It then turns again at the left colic (or splenic) flexure and continues down the left side as the _________, to enter the pelvis, where it becomes the __________ colon.

A

descending colon
S-shaped sigmoid

102
Q

The sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal lie in?

A

the pelvis

Health Information Science (40 decks)

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